See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

See beneath - Essay Example All the three cell phones permit remote availability or Wi-Fi, WAP, use Java stage and give ongoing administrations like person to person communication and business related programming incorporating sight and sound highlights alongside web based administrations in the telephones that encouraged perusing, email administrations and so forth. Ballano (2011) had revealed Android.Pjapps, a kind of Trojan infection that works in foundation and sends or squares messages. The jailbroken iphones were hacked by Ikee worm (infection) that filters arbitrary IP ranges and changes backdrop to Ricky Astley’s picture. However, no infection is found in Blackberry gadgets yet CBC (2006) had cautioned that a blemish in its framework could influence TIFF documents. A few advocates have expressed that cell phones needn't bother with ani-infection programming. I don't concur with them for the most part since all innovation is helpless against hostile to infection and different types of malware. These are ruinous programming that are intended to degenerate important data and diminish the productivity of the gadget. Like PCs, cell phones additionally become powerless to outer dangers through downloads from web or by utilizing outside capacity gadgets that may have infections. Henceforth, consistent update on the infections becomes natural piece of cell phones security too. (words:

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc Essay

Component of Literature (subject, character, setting, clashes, and so on - Essay Example This paper looks at all the likenesses between these three works and builds up the shared trait between the characters and their introductions. Catastrophe has been a subject for dramatists since the start of writing, all around investigated by Greek artists like Sophocles, medieval English journalists, and Elizabethan writers, of which Shakespeare is unmistakable. The most unmistakable reason for the catastrophe in these plays would be the deplorable saint battling against his/her approaching fate. ‘The unfortunate legend is separated among goal and motivation, between moral statute and raucous energy . . . among law and desire (Heilman 207).’ (Brown, 2009). In the event that we investigate the similitudes between the two Elizabethan shows, Macbeth, Hamlet and the old Greek disaster, Oedipus, we find that the heroes have that deadly defect which attracts them to their defeat and every other component that make a catastrophe. At the point when these heroes live, they show us numerous exercises with the missteps that they submit in their life. They appear to exist to accomplish a definitive objective of death.â⠂¬  We respect the challenging, firm soul of the deplorable saint while perceiving that what he gains in power of life, he regularly pays for with its brevity.† (Brown, 2009). Shakespeare’s catastrophes â€Å"follow an essential example of difficulty, emergency, and end however with various variations.† (Brown, 2009). On the off chance that we look at and look for similitudes between the characters of the three works, we find that as referenced over, all heroes unwittingly look for their own fall. Hamlet muses very much a lot over his father’s demise and in any event, when his dad has demonstrated him the way of retribution, he neglects to execute Claudius whenever he gets the opportunity. Macbeth then again, blinded effectively by aspiration and voracity, murders Duncan in flurry without contemplating over the results. Oedipus’s defect is his titanic conscience or Hubris. It doesn't achieve his wretchedness legitimately however leads to

I Moved Off Campus

I Moved Off Campus Last year, I made a HUGE decision. I decided to move off of MITs campus. You may be asking the big question WHYYYYYYY????? East Campus, for all its glory, is no longer my home. Danny B. 15 wrote about how it was his home.   I wrote plenty of times about how it was my home.  What changed? Me. I changed. Who was once a headstrong, ready-to-take-on-the-world prefrosh, is now a slightly jaded, very depressed upperclassmen. It did not happen overnight, and it does not happen to everyone. Id like to think Im special, in a way. The kind of way where life threw a lot of terrible things at me, and the only way I could find myself reacting was by falling down. And then picking myself up and moving forward one silly step at a time, with a lot of help and a lot of strength. And one of those steps was moving off campus. And that is why I moved off campus for my senior year. It was the absolute correct decision for me. Now, my cat, Rory, and I live with the amazing Dan S. 17 in a tiny three-and-a-half room apartment on the northern tip of Cambridge, not too far from MITs campus. Dan and I listen to music, bake cookies, cook lots of foods, and have a fancy drink night. Things are pretty great. I was rather absent during IAP due to work, but Im back, and we are going to have a great semester.

Of Mice and Men Character Lennie Essays

Of Mice and Men is a novel written by George Steinbeck. The book presents what was taking place in Californian state during the time of the GrÐ µÃ °t DÐ µprÐ µssÃ'â€"on. Having been published in the year 1937, this novel tells of the tragic story of Milton George and Small Lennie who are two displaced nomadic ranch workers during the time of the Great Depression in the state of California. The major part of this text analyzes the struggle of these two individuals in the state of California trying to make their lives better. After a very long struggle in life and continued help for one another, the two try hard to survive in the state. Later George decides to shoot Lennie at the back of his head. He does this to make sure his brother’s death remains happy and painless. Although many do not understand why George had to kill his good friend, it is notable that he did so out of love and nothing else for that matter. As they were walking along, George scolded LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ for playing with Ð ° dÐ µÃ °d mouse and telling him not to talk to him until they arrive at thÐ µÃ'â€"r new location and be employed. Because Lennie loved soft things he kept the dead mouse. As there were on the way, George asked Lennie: â€Å"What you gonna say tomorrow when the boss asks you a question (15)?† In response, Lennie stated that: â€Å"I†¦I ain’t gonna†¦say a word (15).† As we can see from this, Lenis was not capable of making his own decisions without being helped by George.   Lennie always what George told him to do. This is an outstanding character of Lennie as noted from the novel. We can also say that Lennie in the novel is portrayed as a desperate but indecisive character. This is the main reason he always followed whatever George proposed to be done. He also complained frequently over a number of issues. For example when LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ complained of not having kÐ µtchup during their evening meal, George became furious. He told LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ that he would be better off and he dÃ'â€"d not have to look after him. Another outstanding thing about Lennie is that he was contemplative. This can be noted at his lover for soft things. Also, after mÐ °king up once again, GÐ µorgÐ µ talked to LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ about his dream where they had made plenty of money and had purchased Ð ° huge piece of land. They then developed a small rÐ °nch wÃ'â€"th vÐ µgÐ µtÐ °blÐ µ patches and rabbit hutch. This shows that Lennie must be a parasite relying on other people for support because he cannot help himself. Another important character depicted by Lennie is that he is a good-natured person. After being suspected of committing rape, he did not take it serious and that did not consume his happiness and desire to live. Lennie was also attentive because he always made sure he visited all the people he had promised to. While most of the men at the ranch went to a local whorÐ µhousÐ µ one evening, LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ decided to visit Crooks. Crooks was Ã'â€"mpolÃ'â€"tÐ µ and rude to LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ until he later realized that LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ had no bad Ã'â€"ntÐ µntions at all. Candy joined the two men, for they were the only ones left in the ranch. Another character of Lennie is that he is a dreamer. Steinbeck emphasized on the theme of dreams throughout his book through this character. George is the person who aspires for his own independence and be a master of himself. Lennie therefore aspires to achieve the same thing with his friend George. His quench for soft things is also another outstanding character of Lennie. Lennie is also a lonely man since he is unable to achieve much on his own and without the support of George. This character has therefore played a major role towards the reading of this text. Lennie is also noted to possess strong physical strength compared with all the other characters. It is this sense of strength which is anticipated to the establishment of respect. This also earns him employment as a ranch worker. Lennie has also been presented by the author as a weak and unable to effectively take good care of himself. Another character that comes out of Lennie is that he is mentally handicapped and the reason he behaves so strongly throughout the novel. Also, Lennie’s life is in danger for several occasions. Being mentally challenged, Lennie becomes a different kind of person who can even take care of himself. After facing his death after being killed by George, Lennie had been in danger and his life had not been happy. This action by George is thus seen as an act of heroism as he helps in getting rid of all the problems he faces in his life. There above presented characters are therefore enough to explain the kind of person who Lennie was and how significant he was towards the success of the novel. It is through his characters that this book has been taught and read successfully by scholars. These characters are also necessary because through them the characters of other people in the book can be understood. Of Mice and Men is therefore one of AmÐ µrÃ'â€"cÐ °ns Ð °ll-tÃ'â€"mÐ µ classic novels. This book presents an illustration of George and his slow-minded friend LÐ µnnÃ'â€"Ð µ. This book has been able to influence the hearts and minds of many generations after it was written by the author in the year 1937. Through the book, StÐ µÃ'â€"nbÐ µck was interested in showing the AmÐ µrÃ'â€"cÐ °ns of their dreams and how they had been filled with shrewd colors. The author also wanted to present different argumentations by the use of Lennie’s and Georges characters. The novel thus shows that the lack of attention from other people was a common problem during the time of depression. From this book, it will be agreed that all Lennie and George wanted was to be free and own their own ranches and never have to rely on anyone else for their needs and happiness.   They wanted to be accepted in the society the same way there were. George wanted to be like the rabbits in the beginning of the book that were hanging around in a safe place where there was plenty of food. Without his friend, Lennie, it is very true that no one can be able to move on and obtain his dream without having his friend side by side.

Essay on The Field of Nursing - 674 Words

The Field of Nursing Why do women decide to be in the nursing field? There are different reasons to why women decide to become nurses. Nurses support health, put a stop to diseases, and help the patients deal with their illnesses. The nurse is an advocate and health educationalist for patients, family unit, and communities. They observe, put emphasis, and record the symptoms, reactions, and improvement of a patient. A nurse is a person who endows with medical treatment and help people of all ages to get good health. A nurse is a person that worries about the physical and psychosocial portion of the illness. Nurses have a wide assortment of different fields that they can choose to work in. Inside the career of nursing, women can make†¦show more content†¦Another â€Å"25% works for an industry, hospital, or an insurance company†. Leal nurse consultant’s salary depends on different jobs, for example just being an â€Å"independent legal nurse consultants. For example a legal consultant can charge several fees between â€Å"sixty-dollars, up too one hundred, and fifty-dollars for an hour†. (Marquand, 2003) A women might have gone through a situation at some point in her life, and from that situation, she in return decided to become a nurse. A young woman, was a â€Å"fatality of a sexually assault†. The young woman went to a sanatorium for medical services. While she was at the sanatorium, the medical doctor was in the process of doing a mandatory rape kit. (Wessling, 2003) The medical doctor started the rape kit but the medical doctor did not know how to appropriate â€Å"collect the evidence†. Therefore, the young woman began to tell the medical doctor step by step to properly do her â€Å"own rape kit†. (Wessling, 2003) Following she â€Å"attend several meetings of the new program on Forensic nursing†. She at that moment decides to be a Forensic nurse. (Wessling, 2003) Forensic nursing is a rather challenging field. Forensic nursing is a comparatively new field that merges the â€Å"health care profession with the legal structure†. (Wessling, 2003) One of the many responsibilities that a Forensic nurse does is to provide â€Å"testimony inShow MoreRelatedNursing Field1330 Words   |  6 Pages Interested in this field 2. The helping of others II. The job A. Requirements 1. Schooling 2. Volunteer hours B. Expectations 1. Practice III. Different fields pay rates A. Kinds of nurses B. There requirements (what extra classes they may need to take) C. The pay rates for different fields of nursing. Becoming a nurse or helping people has always been something I’ve enjoyed most, this is why I’ve chosen nursing as an interest in myRead MoreThe Field Of Nursing1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of nursing is growing and changing rapidly, but this isn’t the first time in history that nursing has undergone radical transformations. In ancient times, the sick was usually cared for in temples and houses of worship. In the early Christian era, nursing duties were undertaken by certain women in the church, their services being extended to patients in their homes. Florence Nightingale, the well-educated daughter of wealthy British parents, defied social conventions, and the wishes ofRead MoreNursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing1370 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories are not a new concept in the field of nursing or health care in general. An extremely well known nursing theorist is Florence Nightingale, but there are other theorists who have also contributed to the field of nursing. A theory is defined as â€Å"an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon† (Burns Grove, 2011, p. 228). A theory can be applied to any field, especiallyRead MoreNursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing923 Words   |  4 Pages Nursing theory is a vital part in the field of nursing to aid nurses in the practice of their profession by guiding them with an implementation of structure and a process for organizing and explaining nursing actions. As a person embarks in a career as a nurse, they will bring with them their views, values, ideas, and experiences which all help in the development of their philosophy. It is this philosophy that will guide them in their nursing care. It is not enough to just have a philosophy asRead MoreThe Field Of Nursing And Nursing Students1518 Words   |  7 Pages Title and Author This critic of the quantitative article has a significant relevance to the field of nursing and nursing students. This writer will review Reeve et al (2013) research article, â€Å"Perceived stress and socials support in undergraduate nursing students.† The article is published in a reputable peer review journal, Nurse Education Today and written through research conducted with Georgetown University. The article has been published with a timely manner 2013. The authors found 32 relevantRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Field Of Nursing Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesnone as much as the nursing field. There is no question or doubt that in the next years to come that there will be additional changes and development in the field of nursing. Nursing has now evolved to become an â€Å"art and a science.† The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact on the evolution of nursing, changes over the years and the implication on today’s nursing profession. To understand nursing and where it began, it is important to mention a key pioneer in nursing by the name of FlorenceRead MoreThe Occupational Field Of Nursing1262 Words   |  6 Pages The occupational field of nursing and the educational instruction associated with nursing has evolved over the past century due to detail oriented research and scientifically developed contributions. The advancement of new technology and improved theory has drastically upgraded nursing practices, allowing patients to experience an efficient and professional form of healthcare serves. To learn more about the changes in the field of nursing that have taken place in the last 60 years I interviewedRead MoreA Research On The Field Of Nursing880 Words   |  4 PagesSometimes all a sick child wants is his or her parent, and all a parent wants is a good nurse. I have chosen to pursue a career in the field of nursing, with a focus in pediatrics. Pediatrics is branch of medical care dealing with matters r elated to children. It is the responsibility of a registered nurse in any field to ensure that quality assurance procedures are precisely applied and followed during all phases of patient care. Quality assurance procedures are deliberate procedures that haveRead MoreThe Field Of Midwife Nursing1636 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 13, 2013, nursing became one of the, if not the most, important professions around the world. On that date, Disease-666, which caused the zombie apocalypse, broke out. It infected nearly three-fourths of the population, and nearly all doctors and scientists fell ill of the disease as they worked tirelessly trying to find a cure, leaving only nurses left. Besides hearing the stories of how important nursing has been the last couple years here at the Michigan State Safe Haven and outside ofRead MoreA Research On The Nursing Field1716 Words   |  7 Pages Hey you LPN, Can you get the nurse I have a question to ask them? A common phrase heard in the nursing world and often makes the LPN feel inadequate and frustrated. The nursing field is one that is rich in history and diversity. The registered nurse has been the backbone of the nursing world for many years; however, many people recognize the license practical nurse or license vocational nurse particularly in the geriatric community. LPN/LVN in this setting perform many of the same tasks as the

Elizabethan Gardening Free Essays

string(142) " high brick or stone wall with which the square garden was usually enclosed, the arbour of box where eavesdroppers could find good cover etc\." Aspects of Elizabethan Gardening and Landscape Architecture The reign of Elizabeth I was a golden era in English history, a time which abounded in men of genius. Among the many branches of art, science, and economy, to which they turned their attention, none profited more from the power of their wits, than did the art of gardening. Not having shared her father’s personality, nor his desire to not let the people live in more beautiful surroundings than his own, Elizabeth encouraged this art and persuaded her subjects to build delightfully-complex and extravagant gardens by proposing visits. We will write a custom essay sample on Elizabethan Gardening or any similar topic only for you Order Now The queen and her retinue would travel across the country and award the proprietors of the gardens she particularly liked. She also encouraged noblemen to support researchers, writers and other great minds who took on the task of contributing to the improvement of landscape architecture in one way or another. Lord Burghley was the patron of John Gerard, a remarkable English herbalist who published a list of rare plants cultivated in his garden at Holborn, still extant in the British Museum, and the famous work Great Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes. To Sir Walter Raleigh, a notable poet and aristocrat of the time, we owe the introduction of tobacco and of our most useful vegetable, the potato. An age of navigation and exploring, the Elizabethan era prided itself with the culture of various new flowers and plants (many of which were medicinal herbs) brought from India, America, the Canary Islands and other newly-discovered parts of the world. While re-editing Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles, in 1587, William Harrison states that he has seen over four hundred new species of plants entrusted to British soil and that, day by day, the people begin to think of them as belonging to their country. Lord Salisbury, Lord Burleigh’s son, commissioned a family of highly-skilled and educated Dutch gardeners (the Tradescants) to travel and bring back for his garden foreign species that could have been acclimatized. Written in his lively conversational English style, full of his own personal ideas and fancies, Francis Bacon’s Essay on Gardens is familiar to everyone. Always practical and focused on what it was possible to do, Bacon wanted to put forward a scheme in better taste for the gardens he saw about him. During Elizabeth I’s reign, the persecution of the Protestants on the Continent drove many of them to find a safe refuge in England. They brought with them some of the foreign ideas about gardening, and thus helped to improve the condition of Horticulture. The Elizabethan garden was the outcome of the older fashions in English gardens, combined with the new ideas imported from France, Italy, and Holland. The result was a purely national style, better suited to this country than a slavish imitation of the terraced gardens of Italy, or of those of Holland, with their canals and fish-ponds. There was no breaking-away from old forms and customs, no sudden change. The primitive medieval garden grew into the pleasure garden of the early Tudors, which, by a process of slow and gradual development, eventually became the more elaborate garden of the Elizabethan era. What one currently understands by a â€Å"formal† or â€Å"old-fashioned† garden, is one of this type. However, as genuine and unaltered Elizabethan gardens are rare, it is generally the further development of the same style a hundred years later, which is known as a â€Å"formal old English garden†. The garden of this period was laid out strictly in connection with the house. The architect who designed the house, was also responsible with designing the garden. There are some drawings extant by John Thorpe, one of the most celebrated architects of the time, of both houses and the gardens attached to them. The garden was held to be no mere adjunct to a house, or a confusion of green swards, paths, and flower-beds, but the designing of a garden was supposed to require even more skill than the planning of a house. â€Å"Men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection†, states Bacon in his essay, underlying the general idea of the period. Sir Hugh Platt’s opinion seems to have been the exception that proves the rule, as most other writers were particular in describing the correct form for a garden, but he writes: â€Å"I shall not trouble the reader with any curious rules for shaping and fashioning of a garden or orchard how long, broad or high, the Beds, Hedges, or Borders should be contrived†¦ Every Drawer or Embroiderer, almost each Dancing Master, may pretend to such niceties; in regard they call for very small invention, and lesse learning. In front of the house there was typically a terrace, from which the plan of the garden could be studied. Flights of steps and broad straight walks, called â€Å"forthrights† connected the parts of the garden, as well as the garden with the house. Smaller walks ran parallel with the terrace, and the spaces between were filled with grass plots, mazes, or knotted beds. The â€Å"forthrights† corresponded to the plan of the building, while the patterns i n the beds and mazes harmonized with the details of the architecture. The peculiar geometric tracery which surmounted so many Elizabethan houses, found its counterpart in the designs of the flower-beds. William Lawson, a north-countryman of the time, of whom little is known except for his own experiences which he put down in his work, A New Orchard and Garden, mentioned that â€Å"the form that men like in general is a square†. This shape was chosen in preference to â€Å"an orbicular, a triangle, or an oblong, because it doth best agree with a man’s dwelling†, as Shakespeare tells us in his play, Measure for Measure. This sort of house gardens we can get a fleeting glimpse every now and then in Shakespeare’s plays, literary works in which he mentions details such as the knotted patterns of the beds, the high brick or stone wall with which the square garden was usually enclosed, the arbour of box where eavesdroppers could find good cover etc. You read "Elizabethan Gardening" in category "Papers" Another common custom regarded covering the walls with rosemary. According to John Parkinson, an important English botanist of the time, at Hampton Court rosemary was â€Å"so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover them entirely. Gerard and Parkinson both refer to the custom of planting against brick walls. In the North of England, Lawson tells us, the garden-walls were made of dry earth, and it was usual â€Å"to plant thereon wallflowers and divers sweet-smelling plants†. With the seventeenth century, the interest in gardens began to make an appearance in belles lettres, quite indepen dently of real practical work and theoretical professional advice. One of the most visionary spirits of the age, Francis Bacon, was the first to direct attention to the matter in this way, though he was neither architect, nor gardener. Bacon formulated several noteworthy plans for organizing gardens: â€Å"The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all four sides with a stately arched hedge. The arches to be upon pillars of carpenter’s work, of some ten foot high, and six foot broad, and the spaces between of the same dimension with the breadth of the arch. † This â€Å"fair hedge† of Bacon’s ideal garden was to be raised upon a bank, set with flowers, and little turrets above the arches, with a space to receive â€Å"a cage of birds† – â€Å"and over every space between the arches, some other little figure, with broad plates of round colored glass, gilt, for the sun to play upon†. It is not likely that such fantastical ornaments to a hedge were usual, though it reminds one of the arched arcades and does not seem to be at all a new idea of Bacon’s. When discussing in Gardener’s Labyrinth the various models of fencing a round garden, Thomas Hill, a well-known astrologer of the time, describes palings of â€Å"drie thorne† and willow, which he calls a â€Å"dead or rough enclosure†. He refers to the Romans for examples of the alternative of digging a ditch to surround the garden, but â€Å"the general way† is a â€Å"natural enclosure†, a hedge of â€Å"white thorne artely laid in a few years with diligence it waxed so thick and strong, that hardly any person can enter into the ground, sauing by the garden-door; yet in sundry garden grounds, the hedges are framed with the privet tree, although far weaker in resistance, which at this day are made the stronger through yearly cutting, both above and by the sides†. He gives a quaint method for planting a hedge. The gardener is to collect the berries of briar, brambles, white-thorne, gooseberries and barberries, steep the seeds in a mixture of meal, and set them to keep until the spring, in an old rope, â€Å"a long worn rope†¦ being in a manner starke rotten†. â€Å"Then, in the spring, to plant the rope in two furrows, a foot and a half deep, and three feet apart†¦ The seeds thus covered with diligence shall appear within a month, either more or less, which in a few years will grow to a most strong defense of the garden or field†. These old gardeners had great confidence in all their operations, and but rarely in their works do we find any allusion to possible failure. Yews were greatly use for hedges, but more for walks and shelter within the gardens, than to form the outer enclosure. In the larger gardens there were two or three gates in the walls, well designed, with magnificent stone piers surmounted with balls or the owner’s crest, and wrought-iron gates of elaborate pattern; or else there was one fine gate at the principal entrance, the rest being smaller and less pretentious, merely â€Å"a planked gate† or â€Å"little door†. The main principle of a garden was still that it should be a â€Å"girth†, a yard, or enclosure; the idea of such a thing as a practically unenclosed garden had not, as yet, entered men’s minds. But because the garden was surrounded with a high wall, and those inside wished to look beyond, a terrace was contrived. As in the Middle Ages, we find an eminence within the walls, as a point from which to look over them; so at the time, the restricted view from the mount did not satisfy, and to get a more extended range over the park beyond and the garden within, a terrace as raised along one side of the square of the wall. Some pieces of information regarding these aspects we can find in Sir Henry Wotton’s writings on architecture: â€Å"I have seen a garden into which the first access was a high walk like a terrace, from whence might be taken a general view of the whole plot below. † De Caux, the designer of the Earl of Pembroke’s garden at Wilton, made such a terrace there â€Å"for the more advantage of beholding those plots†. Another is described at Kenilworth, in 1575, by Robert Langham: â€Å"hard all along by the castle wall is reared a pleasant terrace, ten feet high and twelve feet broad, even under foot, and fresh of fine grass†. The terraces, as a rule, were wide and of handsome proportions, with stone steps either at the ends or in the centre, and were raised above the garden either by a sloping grass bank, or brick or stone wall. At Kirby, in Northamptonshire, a magnificent Elizabethan house, nowadays rapidly falling into decay, all that remains of a once beautiful garden, â€Å"enrich’d with a great variety of plants† (as John Morton portrays it in his Natural History of Northamptonshire), is a terrace running the whole length of the western wall of the garden. At Drayton, an Elizabethan house in the same county as Kirby, there is a wide terrace against the outer wall of the garden with a summer-house at each end, as well as a terrace in front of the house, and other examples exist. The â€Å"forthrights†, or walks which formed the main lines of the garden design, were â€Å"spacious and fair†. Bacon describes the width of the path by which the mount is to be ascended as wide â€Å"enough for four to walk abreast†, and the main walks were wider still, broad and long, and covered with â€Å"gravel, sand or turf†. There were two kinds of walks, those in the open part of the garden, with beds geometrically arranged on either side, and sheltered walks laid out between high clipped hedges, or between the main enclosure wall and a hedge. There were also the â€Å"covert walks†, or â€Å"shade alleys†, in which the trees met in an arch over the path. Some of the walks were turfed, and some were planted with sweet-smelling herbs. â€Å"Those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed, are three that is, burnet, wild thyme and water-mints; therefore you are to set whole alleys of them to have the pleasure when you walk or tread†. Thomas Hill, in one chapter of his book, mentions that the â€Å"walks of the garden ground, the allies even trodden out, and leveled by a line, as either hree or four foot abroad, may cleanly be sifted over with river or sea sand, to the end that showers of rain falling, may not offend the walkers (at that instant) in them, by the earth cleaving or clogging to their feet†. Parkinson also has something to say about walks: â€Å"The fairer and larger your allies and walks be, the more grace your garden shall have, the less harm the herbs and flowers shall receive, by passing by them that grow next unto the allies sides, and the better shall your weeders cleanse both the bed and the allies†. The hedges on either side the walks were made of various plants box, yew, cypress, privet, thorne, fruit trees, roses, briars, juniper, rosemary, hornbeam, cornel, â€Å"misereon† and pyracantha. â€Å"Every man taketh what liketh him best, as either privet alone or sweet Bryar, and whitethorn interlaced together, and Roses of one, two, or more sorts placed here and there amongst them. Some plant cornel trees and plash them or keep them low to form them into a hedge; and some again take a low prickly shrub that abided always green, called in Latin Pyracantha†. Regarding the cypress, Parkinson mentions that, for the goodly proportion it has, â€Å"as also for his ever green head, it is and hath been of great account with all princes, both beyond and on this side of the sea, to plant them in rows on both sides of some spacious walke, which, by reason of their high growing, and little spreading, must be planted the thicker together, and so they give a pleasant and sweet shadow†. Gerard, writing of the same plant, says: â€Å"It grows likewise in diverse places in England, where it hath been planted, as at Sion, a place near London, sometime a house of nuns; it grows also at Greenwich and at other places; and likewise at Hampstead in the garden of Master Waide, one of the Clarkes of his Majesty’s Privy Council†. Another interesting aspect of the period’s gardening literature was the fact that, in several writings, there began to appear ideas for protecting and sheltering delicate and exotic plants, which a little later developed into orangeries and greenhouses, and finally into the hothouse and stove. Sir Hugh Platt, particularly, in the second part of The Garden of Eden, not printed until 1660, recurrently mentions the possibility of growing plants in the house, and making use of the fires in the rooms to force gillyflowers and carnations into early bloom. â€Å"I have known Mr. Jacob of the Glassehouse†, he writes, â€Å"to have carnations all the winter by the benefit of a room that was near his glasshouse fire†. Holinshed, while admiring the rchards of his day, states that he has seen capers, oranges and lemons, and heard of wild olives growing here, but he does not say how they were preserved from cold. Gerard also describes both oranges and lemons, while also being, too honest, however, to pretend that they grow in England. A few oranges, nonetheless, were successfully reared in this country. In his treatise on the Orchard, Parkinson focuses on describing the surprising looking after and tending of the Orange tree, as opposed to the Citron and the Lemmon trees. The former used to be kept in great square boxes and lift there to and fro by iron hooks attached to the sides in order to move them into a house or close gallery in the winter time. Other writers suggest that, if planted against a concave-shaped wall, lined with lead or tin to cause reflection, they might happily bear their fruit in the cold climate if these walls did stand so conveniently, as they might also be continually warmed with kitchen fires. The experiment of growing lemons was tried by Lord Burghley. There are some interesting letters extant in which the history of the way in which the tree was procured is preserved. Sir William Cecil wrote to Sir Thomas Windebank around 1561, requesting to have a lemon, a pomegranate and a myrt tree procured for him, along with the instructions on how they should be kept, because he desired to enrich his collection of exotic vegetation (collection which the orange tree was already part of). Although these foreign species of trees became widespread many years later, having been regarded as rarities for half a century, these fist instances of their importation are useful for us in forming a general idea about the level of cultural and scientific development the Elizabethans had reached. An indisputable proof of the progress gardening was making during this period was the growing importance of those practicing the craft in and around London, until at length, at the beginning of King James I’s reign, they attained the dignified position of a Company of the City of London, incorporated by Royal charter. In that year all those â€Å"persons inhabiting within the Cittie of London and six miles compass thereof doe take upon them to use and practice the trade, craft or misterie of gardening, planting, grafting, setting, sowing, cutting, arboring, mounting, covering, fencing and removing of plants, herbs, seeds, fruit trees, stock sett, and of contriving the conveyances to the same belonging, were incorporated by the name of Master Wardens, Assistants and Comynaltie of the Company of Gardiners of London†. The botanical interest of Elizabethan England was shared by most countries of the time, aspect which led to the creation of a strong bond in commerce and political relations. In consequence, this great delight in growing flowers for domestic decoration was a marked feature in English life at this period. Many travelers who visited the kingdom found themselves absolutely charmed with the English comfort and architectural artistry. In one of his works, published in The Touchstone of Complexions, Thomas Newton, an illustrious scholar of the time, quotes the Dutch explorer and physician Levimus Leminius, who came to England around 1560: â€Å"Their chambers and parlors strewn over with sweet herbs refreshed me; their nosegays finely intermingled with sundry sorts of fragrant flours, in their bed chambers and privy rooms with comfortable smell cheered me up and entirely delighted all the senses†. How to cite Elizabethan Gardening, Papers

Who is more monstrous Frankenstein or his monster Essay Example

Who is more monstrous Frankenstein or his monster? Paper It is a common misconception of many thousands of children that in the story of Frankenstein it is not victor Frankenstein but it his monster who is called Frankenstein. This is ironic because it is my belief that it is not the monster that is monstrous but it is his creator, for the two of them to have a name in common I believe that this also implies that they have some characteristics as well. Take the Ten Commandments the Christians rules that define a sinner in the most definitive way: VICTOR Frankenstein breaks several of these rules, he creates in himself an idol to rival that of god, he in effect kills three if not four people although indirectly and he tries to take out of society his greatest fear, the fear of women. When Frankenstein is undertaking the creation of his monster he seems so perplexed by the work of his hands and the genius of it all that he forgets to look at the bigger picture, that of horror and sheer stupidity, and in doing so creates his monster and gives it life before he has taken into account the result on society that it may have. He believes so blindly that what he is doing will be to the benefit of the human society that when he comes to step back and take a look at what he has done that he is disgusted by himself and the coward that he is he leaves it for dead and runs away in self pity. We will write a custom essay sample on Who is more monstrous Frankenstein or his monster? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who is more monstrous Frankenstein or his monster? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who is more monstrous Frankenstein or his monster? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In todays modern society a man who has a child born to his wife and then runs away as soon as the consequences hit him is seen as a coward and is forced to become a social outcast in doing so he commits evil and is one step closer to becoming a monster. What is a monster? In my view there are two types of monster the first is the stereotype: a hideous being, being around or close to which is terrifying, this is an outward facing monster who cannot do anything about what it is or looks like but is not necessarily evil or nasty. The second type of monster is totally on the contrary he or whatever it is, is to most people, just another person but it is inside where his monstrosity comes in, this type of monster is someone whos soul has been corrupted by evil and who therefore is ruthless and despicable. And it is both of these two types of monster who can be seen in the novel and I dont think that I need to tell you which one is which. I struggle to find examples other than the obvious sins in the creation of the monster and his self-pity, which can condemn the actions of Frankenstein as a monstrous person but it is impossible not to feel the atmosphere of the whole book and in feeling the atmosphere begin to understand the whole concept of the idea that Mary Shelley is trying to portray and demonstrate. It is mans greatest dream and fantasy and yet ultimate fear to have the power to create life and so it is in my eyes, and I am sure in the eyes of the world, the most sinful of evils. The monster on the other hand is born good and free of evil it is only the desertion of his creator and then of society that turns him to evil ways, we see the first signs of this goodness when he recognises the DE-Lacy family as being one of good and of moral ways. He wishes only then that he could become like them in their goodness. They are in one way like the monster they are good and just people but they have been rejected from society for reasons we believe to be of the French revolution, this leads him to believe that he will be accepted by the De-Lacys as they share a common problem. He uses to his advantage the old mans blindness in that he will not see the monsters horrorful image and only his good and kind soul. It is only once he has been rejected by the De-Lacys that he turns to evil in desperation. His original goodness is hence corrupted and destroyed by the society that created him and from then on starting with the killing of William he turns to evil for comfort comparing himself to the devils in paradise lost. His one last chance to continue to live in sanity is to find the evil who created him and to ask him that he may be allowed to have female in order to keep him company that he need not terrorise society. It is here that Frankenstein shows his fear for the opposite sex and the misconception of the power that a female can hold over a man. And so he refuses to create this being for his monster in effect forcing him to turn on society in blind rage, so selfish is this action that Frankenstein ignores all the impact that this may have on the society and of human sanctity- surely this is evil enough to describe the doer as a monster? Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Seminar on Challenges in Human Resource Management in 21st Century Essays

Seminar on Challenges in Human Resource Management in 21st Century Essays Seminar on Challenges in Human Resource Management in 21st Century Essay Seminar on Challenges in Human Resource Management in 21st Century Essay Mrinal Jyoti Deka Chandan Kalita Sonam Doloi Barnali Devi Reemamoni Sarma Pranjit Choudhury INTRODUCTION Uncertainty and complexity characterize the greatest challenges todays world for managers at all organizational levels. Responding to shifts in the external environment requires ever-vigilant managers. These managers must be agile themselves in order to effectively promote agility in their environments. Agility is required in numerous areas for managerial success. These areas include flexibility in managing employees, flexibility in rewarding employees, ability to flexibly plan, flexibility in solving problems, technological agility and flexibility in addressing organizational politics. Another challenge in worker motivation is the growing diversity in the workforce. The multi-cultural workforce will continue to grow at the both sector domestic level and an international level. A diverse workforce results from a global economy. This diversity reflects the need for managers to be more flexible. All facets of managing people must be re-thought with a broader mix of workers. All jobs no longer must be performed in exactly the same way, at the same time, or even in the same location. Managers cannot llow themselves to be constrained by the past, but instead they must approach management to from an entirely new perspective with an entirely new workforce. CHALLENGES OF WORKER MOTIVATION IN 21st CENTURY 1. INNOVATIVE OF TECHNOLOGY: Due to the emergence of innovative technology, the worker those who are not familiar with the technology find it difficult to perform their jobs as they do not adapt to this. So by providing proper training it can be made familiar with the tech nology and they will motivate to perform their task. 2. WORKERS DIVERSIFICATION: Today’s workforce is very much wide. So organization should take deep insight about the behavior of the employee and accordingly device the strategies to motivate the worker is a major challenges. 3. EMERGENCE OF KNOWLEDGE WORKER: Nowadays the new employees who have joined organization are better educated, more carrier-oriented and relatively less ideologically committed. This breed employee seeks more meaning from their work instead of traditional return of employment. Importance of Workers’ Motivation Proper utilization of human resource: Human resource is of paramount importance for the success of any organization. It is a source of strength and aid. Human resources are the wealth of an organization, which can help it in achieving its goal. Through proper utilization of human resource management can get and use the skill, knowledge, ability etc. by development of skills, tapping and utilizing them again and again. Hence, human resource has become the focus of attention of every progressive organization to motivate its workers. Better organizational image: Enterprises which offer better monetary and non-monetary facilities to their employees have a better image among them. Such concerns are successful in attracting better qualified and experienced persons. Since, there is a better man-power to development programmed; the employees are likely to join such organization. Better industrial relationship: A good motivational system will create job satisfaction among employees. The employment will offer those better service conditions and various other incentives. Proper motivation create an atmosphere of confidence among the employee and employers and cordial relationship will create a healthy working environment. So, motivation among employee will lead to better industrial relationship. Acceptability to change: The changing social and industrial situations will require changes and improvements in the working of enterprises. Employees resist changes for fear of an adverse effect on their employment. When the employees are given various opportunities of development then they can easily adapt to new situation. Thus, motivation will ensure the acceptability of new changes by the employees. Reinforcement: It is a very powerful motivational tool. It is not only used for motivating the employees but also for enhancing organizational effectiveness. Organizations, now-a-days are making use of various technique for modifying the behavior of organization members, so that they are engaged in desirable behavior. How to Motivate the Workers A. Financial incentives: Financial incentives are the monetary reward. In the form of more wages and salaries, bonus, company paid insurance for their performance. According to Gellemen â€Å"Money is actually used to retain good person in the organization†. Some of such incentives are: 1. Bonus 2. Free insurance 3. Medical re- imbursement 4. Profit sharing. B. Non Financial Incentives: Non financial incentives Full fill the higher order needs for status recognition and ego in the society emerge. Some non financial incentives are: 1. People Mission: Organization should committed to investing their employers and ensuring that they work in safe and fair work environment in which everyone equipped with learning and tools to achieved in their job and fulfill their potential regardless of their age, gender, race, sexual, orientation etc. This mission attracts people with the talent to thrive in a fast moving and challenging global environment. 2. Mentoring: It is a program to help employers to raise their potential and manage their career effectively. This strongly support talent management initiative is to attract, develop and retain the best and enable the better understand the taken with the organization. 3. Strengths best Approach: This philosophy focuses on weakness and gives highest potential for the performance and personal growths are where employee is most talented. This development process focuses on helping employee understand their talent, built them in to strength. 4. Talent Management: Managing talent is just as important as attracting it. Talent management focuses on development and encourages employee to seek opportunities which enable them to stretch their talent, build their strength as well as keep them motivated throughout. HOW A LEADER CAN MOTIVATES THE WORKER Since 21st century cannot be remain static, so the organization so it much constantly respond to dynamic environment. In this situation organization need a good leadership and forceful employee. Leaders do nothing more important than get result. But leader cannot get result him or herself. He need to help employee and the best way to have other people get results is not by ordering but motivate them. THE APPROACH ADOPTED BY A LEADER TO MOTIVATE THE WORKER 1. PHYSICAL ACTION: An essential feature of motivation is not about what people think or feel but what they physically do. Leadership must have believe in him and take action to follow him through the proper physical action. . MOTIVATION DRIVEN BY EMOTION: In any strategic management, a leader must make sure that people have strong emotional commitments towards their goal. A leader must make a decision in such a way that all the level of employees are benefited out of it. Impact of workers motivation: 1. High Productivity: When the workers are motivated for the satisfaction of their lower and higher level of need, they put in all their efforts to s atisfy the organizational need also. This increase the efficiency in organizational activities. 2. Create Suitable Work Environment: Motivation help create a suitable environment or work culture in an organization where worker can work feel promoted to work for the organization goal. Congenial working condition with harmonious superior and subordinate relationship. 3. Combine Ability with Willingness: Sometimes workers posses the ability but not willing to perform a Particular task. In this situation, Effective Motivation combines the ability of the workers with their willingness to do the job and extract maximum out of them.

How to Score a Six Figure Trucker Payday!

How to Score a Six Figure Trucker Payday! Whatever your reasons are for becoming a truck driver, it’s obvious what one of your goals is while working as one- to get paid! Every truck driver worth his steering wheel dreams of earning a monster paycheck while driving the open road. Want a six-figure annual salary? Keep reading- AllTruckJobs.com helps you map out a route to your dream payday:HustleTruckers aren’t afraid to hustle, which often means working long hours and extra shifts whenever possible. Not only will this up your take-home pay, it’ll make you more valuable to your employer- a great bargaining chip to have when negotiating a pay raise.Be FearlessTake the jobs no one else will take- they pay more for a reason! Jobs that come with an added payload, namely danger, also come with more money. If you’re willing to haul cargo across treacherous icy roads or through dangerous, war-torn countries, you can put yourself in a position to make those six-figures.Be a BossBuy your own rig, become an owner-operator, and you can expect to pull in over six figures. But don’t forget that as an owner you’re also responsible for all associated costs, like rig maintenance, which might eat into your bottom line.Here’s the deal: Earning a six-figure salary as a trucker isn’t going to be easy, especially considering that the average salary is just about half of that ($49,000 in 2014). But where there’s a will, there’s a way!The Road to Riches: How to Earn Six Figures in Truck DrivingRead More at www.alltruckjobs.com

International payments and settlements currency transactions Essay

International payments and settlements currency transactions - Essay Example Prestigious companies of the stature of Halliburton, Lucent Technologies and Monsanto face allegations of bribery to gain unnatural advantage in business and billions of dollars involved. A discussion on this issue including an assessment of the impact of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development Convention forms 'Section-2' of this paper. The objective of this section is to understand the law and to suggest a way forward for businesses and governments to control this menace. Utilitarian analysis of bribery serves no purpose at all since there is no ground for choosing an option that allows for bribery. International trade involves the exchange of goods and services ('goods') and international payments. There are several ways to make payment for goods received, each involving certain methods and procedures and the inherent advantages and disadvantages. The choice of mode of payment depends upon the contract negotiated between the exporter and the importer. Within this parameter, each partner to the agreement will tend to look for the most cost-effective and secure way of making the transaction. Open account trading is the simplest where the supplier makes an invoice and the buyer pays. Rarely followed in trade, only between the US, UK, and some European countries, and there is no further reference to this mode in this paper. Documentary Collection Exporters, to obtain payment from customers in another country, use the collection services provided by banks. The International Chamber of Commerce has established a set of, standard and internationally accepted, rules known as the 'Uniform Rules for Collection', (1995 Revision, ICC publication No. 522). The bank may be required to handle financial documents such as the bill of exchange or promissory note and other secondary documents like the Bill of Lading, Invoice, Certificates of Inspection and so on. When both types of documents are to be collected, it is called documentary collection. Clean collection is of only financial documents. The crucial financial document is the 'Bill of Exchange'. It is an agreement to pay a fixed sum by the buyer to the seller on a fixed date. It is an instrument made out in writing and signed by the maker (drawer, the importer) directing another person (drawee, usually a bank) to make payment to a third party (payee, the exporter). Called 'Bill of Exchange' in International law, it is called a 'Draft' in the Uniform Commercial Code. A bill of exchange differs from a promissory note, in that, it is a firm commitment to pay rather than a promise to pay and a third party - the drawee is involved. A bill of exchange may also be subject to meeting certain conditions by the payee. A draft has no value unless the Importer accepts it. However, the payment made immediately (Sight Draft, or Documents against Payment D/P) or at a mutually agreed future date, endorsed on the draft (Time Draft, or Documents against Acceptance D/A, or Usance). The advantages of this mode of payment are: It is relatively safe for exporter offering a measure of protection. The

Literature review Walkable Streets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature review Walkable Streets - Essay Example Walkable streets are actually shared spaces. They are actually designed for all types of people irrespective of being on foot, cars, on wheelchairs, or even bicycles. A walkable street actually makes you have the urge to step outside. This means that there are interesting things like trees, people, apartment buildings and homes as you move along. A walkable street is the one that does not make you feel like you are risking your life when crossing it. This is because it has sidewalks, lighting, curb ramps, benches, and signals that will all aid you while crossing it. In summary, a walkable street would lead to any destination that you want to go (Urban Ecology, 2011).Many communities are actually embracing the mobility of pedestrians as a substitute to reducing dependency on automobiles. This shift is attributed to the fact that dependency on automobiles is ecologically unsustainable because of increased pollution, and also reduced walking diminishes social interaction and mixing of p opulations (Pivo, Gary, & Fisher, 2010). According to Hutarabat Lo (2009) he argues that there are several ways that can make a place walkable. Sidewalks should be erected where there are sidewalk gaps with priority being given to those areas that encourage walking like schools, stations of transit, stadiums, and around congested public areas. Moreover, certain obstructions like utility poles and posts can actually decrease the walkable width of the sidewalk. Proper lighting and maintenance of the side walk is to be sustained so as to reduce obstructions, encourage walking, and improve safety. In addition, another way of making the sidewalks safer is by implementing buffers because they absorb carbon dioxide from automobile emissions and also aiding in water drainage. Making of crosswalks is safer and a key component to walkability. Curb extensions decrease the radii of corners of the curb at various intersections. Moreover, curb extensions calm the traffic and also decrease the dis tance pedestrians have to cross. While on the streets with parking, the curb extensions allow pedestrians to see the oncoming traffic better where they would otherwise be forced to walk into the street to see past the parked cars. The zebra crossings or striped crosswalks also provide safer avenues for crossing because they provide better visibility for both the pedestrians and drivers (Zehner, 2012). Walkable streets in relationship with public transit A walkable street must contain a relatively large number of friendly pedestrians. This is because many people are of the belief that the different physical street designs features are sufficient enough to create walkability. The best designed streets are actually not walkable if we walk in them. On the other hand, streets that are poorly designed are memorably walkable if it contains a large number of people. Very little is more enjoyable and attractive to humans than an inherently vibrant, festive place filled with blissful and soci able people (Nozzi, 2011). Whether driving,

Watch Industry And Strategy Of Titan Watches

Watch Industry And Strategy Of Titan Watches Today, a wristwatch is considered as much of a status symbol as a device to tell time. The watches and jewellery has not been immune to the economic climate and the whole industry suffered in late 2008 and in 2009 as consumer confidence fell and people became more cautious about their spending. The overall jewellery and watches market grew by 10% since 2005 to reach  £4.8 billion in 2010 and Mintel forecasts 11% growth for the jewellery and watches market over next five years. 2011 is also going to be the year to invest in mens jewellery. Stephen Webster presented a strong case for mens jewellery at IJL in September 2010, and assuming male customer only want watches and the odd signet or chain could lead to missing out on a potential wealth of customer. Its not that male customers dont want it: they just dont know they want it. Men arent like women and theyre not used to thinking about what to wear, explain Webster. But once a man is bejewelled, theres no looking back. They also dont wait for special occasions like woman do, and they can go from zero to jewellery enthusiast in no time. Market research company Mintels September 2010 report Watches and Jewellery Retailing UK found that 20% of male respondent said they like receiving jewellery as a gift, and 12% said that they had purchased all of their own jewellery. So the market is clearly there to be exploited. http://www.retail-jeweller.com/trends/in-with-the-new-2011-trends/5020089.article Rocketing gold prices and recession have led many consumers to buy silver jewellery instead of gold, with almost one in five people wearing more silver jewellery than gold, rising to nearly three in ten women; particularly young people aged 15 24. The affordability and disposability of many costume jewellery items means that customers are more willing to experiment and try new looks without denting their bank balances Young men aged under- 35 are more open to paying higher amounts for a watch as they typically do not wear jewellery to express their individuality or consumer spending power. Some 86% of consumers wear a watch, but nearly 40% only a new one when their old one is broken. Converging the watchs main function with health benefits would be one way of helping create new reasons for purchase. http://oxygen.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen/display/id=479809 Executive Summary: https://www.keynote.co.uk/market-intelligence/view/product/10331/chapter/0 Many Brands and companies are constantly reinvigorating their businesses and positioning them for growth. There is a constant need to innovate, reinvigorate, update, recalibrate, or just simply fend off the competition in an effort to better explain ,why buy me. In the market for the brand and product offerings is created by positioning. It reaches a certain type of consumers and delivers benefits that meet the needs of several key target groups and users. Actual Approach of a company or brands positioning in the marketplace depends on how it communicates the benefits and product attributes to consumers and users. As a result positioning of a company and/or product seeks to further distance itself from competitors based on a host of items, but most notably on five key issues: Price, Quality, Product Attributes, Distribution, and Usage Occasions. In recent times, consumerism has undergone a sea change. Consumers today are well informed about the products, as compared to earlier times. Hence, the market has become customer centric. Recognizing the importance of the customer is business structure; companies have started effecting brand repositioning exercise on regular basis. In the recent times, a major brand repositioning exercise has been planned by Titian Industries Ltd in order to provide more to its customers. The company has its new position. This study will help to understand the revived positioning strategies of TITAN watches. An analysis of repositioning strategies of Titan also forms of the study. Firstly it is important to understand the overall wrist watch industry in UK. Secondly to study the brand positioning and re-positioning strategy of Titan wrist watches and to find out whether the loyal consumers of TITAN watches aware of the new positioning strategies of the company and how they perceive them. To study primary and secondary data have been used. Analysis UK wrist watch industry and brand repositioning strategies of TITAN Company has been analysed and completed on the basis of secondary data. Internet, journals, books and magazines have been used for this purpose. Project comprises conducting a questionnaire survey. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Introduction: 1.1 Theory and concepts: A business has two and only two basic functions: marketing and innovation Peter Drucker To maintain business relevance and market position, it is important to continuously innovate and invent brand image in the market to pace with change and intense competitive pressure in the marketplace. In this context, brand repositioning and other revitalization strategies have become a business imperative for battling brand erosion. The appeal of brand repositioning is further heightened by the rising costs and high risk associated with launching a new brand. Increase in the cost and high risk related with launching a new brand that is a part of brand reposition.Brand reposition has received very importance in the marketing literature and mostly been treated as a variation of brand positioning. Reposition can be required as the market changes and new opportunities occur. In order to reach the customer which was never targeted at first can also be targeted with brand reposition. In order to change its image in the market it is important to focus towards brand repositioning, although it is one of the toughest and hardest actions in marketing to reposition a familiar brand. According to Solomon, position strategy is an essential part in the marketing efforts because companies have to use the elements in the marketing mix to influence the customers understanding the position. There has to be several choices to be, so to as to be in more attractive and relevant position. It is important for the person who is reposition for the reposition to know and understand why reposition is necessary and its need, and if the offer is the one that will change or just the brand name. While repositioning it is important to undertake and understand all the risk factors that is likely to affect it in the market. A company risks its credibility and reliability more while repositioning its brand in the market and the need for a thorough strategy is very important to avoid any occurrence. Some analyst argues that to successfully reposition a established brand name is almost impossible because repositioning of a brand can make the most loyal customer to switch brand. If the brand is eroded then brand reposition becomes important. Numerous attempts to reposition brand in the market may fail which is testified by many company for example while soft drink has successfully been able to connect with the youth though they exist for 40 years in the market but at the same Levis, jeans has been losing its market share to newcomers such as The Gap despite numerous campaigns designed to reposition the brand trend. 1.2 Literature Review: The reposition strategy is defined into three stages that is: Introductory Elaboration Fortification This involves the introduction of a new or a repositioned brand, seeking underline the brands value over others, and to broaden the brand position. It is truly hard to change the customers perceived attitude towards a brand, and therefore the risk is great that the attempt to repositioning might fail. After rolling out the strategy, it is time to modify the proposition through update of the personality and through repositioning. There pros and cons with both of this segments and it is great significance that they are truly calculate when deciding the next step in the process. To understand it more deeply http://htmlimg4.scribdassets.com/55f3acalz4nfgla/images/10-81b5e3fa9c/000.jpg Figure 1: Stages in brand strategy development. When a company modifies or change something that is already there in the market established in the mind of the customer that is called as repositioning. Different profession and individuals have different meaning and understanding towards Repositioning. There are few different definitions and greater understanding about this concept: Repositioning is a change, principally about triggering the vision, mission and value in a new direction that is more suited f or the brand in the future- Brand manager consultant. Principally, reposition concerns changing the consumers perception of the brand PR consultant. Repositioning is built upon the change of unique and differentiated associations with the brand in some kind of direction; it is about having a balance between the category party and differentiation when using reposition strategies (Leading Brand strategies) From these definitions, it is obvious that reposition is about moving something to more attractive and relevant position. Reposition direction is often decided as to what a company wants to achieve. There is also a visible relation between price and quantity aspects. When a company perceives the market as a demand curve, the purpose is to down stretch or upward curve. When moving up and there is a need for reaching the premium segment and expand up wards. Figure: The principle of reposition. When striving towards a new position in the market, it is important to understand those consumers are limited. Peoples minds select what to remember and it is important to convince the consumers with greater arguments. The market always strive for change which is rapid and therefore repositioning can be necessary to meet these demands, newer and stronger arguments have to be established to convinced them to stay as loyal customers. As repositioning is a very complicated matter and therefore there are no detailed theories or models. Aim for repositioning is different for different person, and the only connection between all the different theories is that repositioning is moving something from somewhere towards a greater position at the market. Corstjens and Doyle (1989) identified three types of repositioning strategies: Zero repositioning, which is not a repositioning at all since the firm maintains its initial strategy in the face of a changing environment. Gradual repositioning, where the firm performs incremental, continuous adjustments to its positioning strategy to reflect the evolution of its environment; and Radical repositioning that corresponds to a discontinuous shift towards a new target market and /or a new competitive advantage. After learning the repositioning of several brands from the UK market, the following 8 types of repositioning have been identified. These are: Increasing relevance to the consumer Increasing occasions for use Making the brand serious Falling sales Bringing in new customers Making the rand contemporary Differentiate from other brands Changed market conditions A four phased brand repositioning approach can be followed to achieve the intended benfits- Phase I. Determining the current status of the brand Phase II. What does the brand stand for today? Phase III. Developing the brand positioning platforms Phase IV. Refining the brand Positioning and Management Presentation The advantages that can be derived from brand repositioning exercises can be summarized as: Value over others Updated personality Relevant position The risks associated with such strategies are: Loss of focus Neglecting original customers Losing credibility for the brand Confusing the brand Therefore, brand repositioning is more difficult than initially positioning a brand because one must first help the customer UNLEARN the current brand positioning This can be done by: Carefully crafted communication New products, packaging Associations with other brands ( co- branding, co- marketing, ingredient branding, strategic alliances, etc) that reinforce the new brand positioning. This exercise is so critical to an organizations success that the organizations and its marketing/brand management leader should develop it, preferably with the help and facilitation of an outside brand positioning expert. Research Methodology: 2.1 Objectives To study the current scenario of UK wrist watch industry. To review the brand positioning strategies of different sub-brands of watches. To analyze the brand repositioning strategies of watches. To study consumer awareness and perception about the brand repositioning strategies of watches. This study will help to understand the gap in its communication strategy regarding brand repositioning exercises and the further measures to be taken for effective marketing communications. 2.2 Limitations: The study is confined to London area only There is possibility of sampling errors in the study The responses of the consumers may not be genuine Questionnaire may not be comprehensive 2.3 Sources of Data Collection: The relevant data was collected from both primary sources and secondary sources. The starting point of my information gathering has been the secondary sources such as internet, books, and journals and so on. Firstly, brand positioning and repositioning strategies of Titan, secondary sources such as internet, insurance magazines, and journals and so on. Then I conducted a consumer awareness survey on brand repositioning strategies undertaken by Titan watches in recent times. 2.4 Sampling: To conduct sampling of 50 loyal consumers of Titan and in the age group of 20 30 years for this study. Since Titan has taken up brand repositioning strategies since January 2011, consumers who have seen the previous and new campaigns have been targeted. 2.5 Primary data: Data was collected through an interview schedule, consisting of both open ended and closed ended questions. It consisted of the parameters like reasons consumers brand preference, recollection of earlier tagline and advertisement, brand ambassador of Titan awareness of new tagline and campaign featuring sportsmen and actors from International body and so on. The data was collected through e-mails, telephone contacts and one to one personal interviews. Industry Overview UK Watch industry: Market report examines the UK jewellery and watches market, total sales of jewellery and watches in the UK fluctuated between 2004 and 2008, and fell by 2.8% in the latter year to finish the review period at  £4.33 billion. The declining sales in 2008 can be largely attributed to the global economic downturn and UK recession, which have had a negative impact on nearly all industries. Initially, the luxury end of the market was relatively unaffected by the downturn, but by the end of 2008 and 2009, it had begun to take effect. The jewellery and Watches market has become increasingly competitive in recent years. Although the industry has always been fragmented with a wide range of suppliers and retailers, developments in online retailing have contributed to it becoming increasingly transparent for information on pricing and availability. This has been a positive trend, especially for many smaller brands that previously were not able to deal directly with consumers. Some larger retailers, as well as a few independents, have also developed transactional sites to deal with this demand. With around a third of the UK population owning a piece of precious jewellery and nearly in ten owning a watch, products have a high rate of consumer penetration. The downturn in the UK economy is unlikely to show reversal in 2009, and this will continue to affect all areas of consumer spending. It seems the concepts of a wrist watch have become that of a status symbol rather than a practical chronometer. According to a survey that suggest one in seven people in the UK has no need for watch, apart from as a fashion accessory. Gadgets such as iPods, laptops and mobile phone, represent threat to the watch industry, survey conducted by Mintel. Even in the age of iPhones, people spend huge amount of money on a quality time piece, with high-end brands such as Rolex and Tag Heuer adorning blinged up wrist of rappers, bankers and fashionistas alike. http://www.wharf.co.uk/2010/11/why-wrist-watches-are-dialling.html SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE UK WATCH INDUSTRY: Strengths: Watch industry is growing industry which faster rate As the population is rising, the watch market is also expanding Customers are not very price sensitive as far as quality watch is concerned Weakness: There is not much advertising done by watch industry No innovation in products There are few number of exclusive showrooms that reduces the consumers accessibility to the product There are few marketers, who are concentrated only upon a particular niche segment (Tag Heuer ) Opportunities: There is more need of fashionable luxury watch and fine luxury watch brands that can be targeted in UK, as customers are more like trendsetter and fashionable. UK especially London is a metropolitan city which makes it more attractive for the new company. Youth are more brand conscious than their predecessors. That leads to the expansion of the market for branded watches. Threats: There are many foreign players entering in the race Too many players will dilute the market and the profit margin. Mobile phones acting as substitutes of the watches. The Indian watch industry began in the year 1961 with the commissioning of the watch division of Titan. The first watch model manufactured by HMT was the Janata model in the year 1962. HMT was the leader in the watch market till the Tatas formed Titan watches in association with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation in the year 1987. They took a major strategy decision, which later changed the face of the Indian watch market to manufacture only quartz watches. Liberalisation in 1992 and removal of quantitative restrictions due to WTO has opened the doors for many the Indian market viz. Tissot, Swatch, Omega, Rado, TAGHeuer. The import duties on watches are falling which makes the Indian market look attractive for the global majors like Casio, Swatch and Citizen. Company Profile: Overview Titan is the largest watch company in India and the sixth largest in the world. Titan manufactures over 7 million watches per annum and has a customer base over 65 million. An industry was established in 1984 as a joint venture between the Tata Group and the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation. The company brought the shift in the Indian watch market, offering quartz technology with International styling, manufactured in a state-of-the art factory at Hosur, Tamil Nadu. Leveraging its understanding of different segments in the watch market, the company launched a second independent watch brand Sonata, as a value brand to those seeking buy functionally styled watches at affordable prices. In addition it focused on the youth with its third brand fastrack. In two decades the company has built an impressive watch business to become Indias largest manufacturer and the worlds sixth manufacturer of watches. This has mainly been achieved by developing a formidable distribution network. The company has amongst the worlds largest retail chain of exclusive retail showrooms for watches called The world of Titan spread over 100 towns. It also has multi brand outlets named Time Zone, service centers and dealer outlets. Globally Titan has a presence in over 30 countries through its marketing subsidiaries. The company has watch assembly plants at Dehradun (UP) and Baddi ( Himachal Pradesh) and a plant manufacturing electronic circuit boards in Goa. The majority stake in the company is held by the promoters, with Tidco having 28 percent of the shares and Tata Group companies owning 25 percent of the shares. Public holding in the company is around 28 per cent. The rest of the stake is held by foreign institutions, non resident Indians, mutual funds and other institutions. It has also premium fashion watches by acquiring a license for global brands such as Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss, while. It has also in its portfolio its first Swiss Made watch brand Xylys. 1995, the company diversified into jewellery under the brand Tanishq to capitalize on fragmented market operating with no brands in urban cities. In 2005, the launched its second Jewellery brand, GoldPlus, for capitalizing on the opportunity in small towns and rural India. The company has now diversified into fashion Eyewear by launching Fastrack Eye-Gear sunglasses, as well as Prescription Eyewear. TITAN WATCHES: BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGIES Overall strategies: Since its introduction, Titan has been positioned as a premium brand, providing high quality products. Titan is struggling to have a strong brand image in UK market due to its numerous sub-brands that caters to different segments in India. It follows different positioning strategies; these strategies can also be analyzed as given below: Attribute Positioning: When the company launched its products, it was the first to bring quartz watches to Indian market. The company successfully leveraged this to penetrate the market. Raga, Classique and Regalia come under this strategy. Classique positioned as elegant corporate wear that leaves a quiet, but definite impression and fusion of function and sophistication. Regalia ranger represents the elegant-wear. Raga has been differentiate and positioned as exclusive watch. The Raga and Silver Raga collection is elegant, delicate and feminine with each piece truly unique. User Positioning: Titan caters to several user groups children (the Dash), sportspersons and adventurers. The fastrack range is seen as being contemporary, reliable and sturdy. The advertising, packaging and merchandising of this range is young, cool and vibrant. Benefit Positioning: Titan seeks to differentiate its offering on the basis of superior style and attractiveness which is offered by fastrack Digital range. Competitors Positioning: With the entry of several foreign watchmakers into the market, Titan had to encounter the threat. Most the entrants are catering to the upper end of the market Omega, Cartier etc. Quality or Price Positioning: In the overseas market, especially in Europe where it is competing with Swiss and Japanese watches, it is positioning itself as value-for-money (less than Swiss watches and higher than Japanese), attractively styled and of good quality. TITAN WATCHES: BRAND RE-POSITIONING STRATEGIES FOR GLOBALISATION Titan has managed to get fair market in Middle East and Africa but its failure in Europe was a downturn for the Company as the return was not as good as investment made for the expansion. Titan has decided to revamp its flagship watch brand in Europe mainly in UK. Titan wants to reposition it more youthful and relevant to the changing times. Titan has entered the International markets in 1989 through the export of watch movements. Titans first global footprint was placed in the UAE the largest market in the Middle East then it moved towards Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia and few markets in Africa. Though it faced strong competition, it reached the sales of 100,000 watches within a year of its launch. It started to move globally and moves towards Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Nepal. After its extensive survey, it concluded that it needs good reason to stock the brand. Titan needs to re-position its brand image in the UK market. And so Titan decided to against soft option of driving its globalization through private label exports. It would launch its product under its own brand with market positioning Therefore Titan found a massive advertising campaign to create brand awareness. It also participated in the fair which showcases the worlds biggest watch brand in the world. http://www.moodiereport.com/images/luxury_watch_tables_jan10_04.jpg http://www.moodiereport.com/images/luxury_watch_tables_jan10_05.jpg CONCLUSION: The suggestions to improve consumer awareness about brand repositioning strategy of Titan are as follows: To increase its visibility, Titan Company can sponsor events similar to fashion shows which all latest designs launched are displayed. This is important as it has a great effect on different segments of the customers in different ways. It is important to have Tie up with radio channels and television to broadcast and telecast its advertisement about various sales promotion from time to time. RD needs more investment as customer expectations are changing rapidly. It should focus more on introducing more varieties and luxury items in the market at regular interval. Introduce exclusive collection for working women which is more contemporary and complements any fashion styles. Tie up with international watch brands to make the product stronger in the market. To use internet to spread awareness among consumer about the brand. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })()

What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project

Faculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. Jowah RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. 1 Research Question 1 Topic 1 KEY WORDS 1 CONCEPT DEFINITIONS 1 2 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 2 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY 3 1. 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1. 4. 1 Primary objective 5 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study 5 1. 4. Empirical objectives 5 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6 1. 5. 1 Literature review 6 1. 5. 2 Target population 6 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection 7 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis 7 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 7 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review 7 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology 7 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Res ults and Findings 7 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations 8 1. 7 SYNOPSIS 8 REFERENCES 9 Questionnaire 11 Part A – Project Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Part B – Organisational Support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. Research Question – How does the matrix structure affect the project manager's effectiveness? Topic – Organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a projec t manager. KEY WORDS organisational structures management project management CONCEPT DEFINITIONS Project: According to the PMBOK – A temporary endeavor ndertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services A project management guide, and an internationally recognized standard, that provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. PMBOK – Project Management Body of Knowledge: Management Organisational structures: 1. Effective use and coordination of resources such as capital, plant materials and labour to achieve defined objectives with maximum efficiency. . People responsible for directing and running and organisation. 1. Arrangement of the work of the organisation into units and management positions between which there are defined relat ionships involving the exercise of authority and the communication of instructions and information. 2. Determination and specification of appropriate operational and functional roles and the resulting relationships. The aim of organisational structuring is to provide for an effective organisation structure which enables the best use to be made of the minds, judgements and energies of the members of the organisation. CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Project management is the discipline of planning, organising, and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives (Cleland & Gareis, 2006:1-4). According to Burke (2007:28-30), modern day project management started in the early 1900’s with Henry Gantt’s development of the barchart, and project management techniques which were specifically developed for the military and aerospace projects of the 1950’s and 1960’s in America and Britain. Today, companies are encouraged to change their management systems to adapt to the project management environment. A project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service (PMBOK, 2004:4). According to Sandhu & Gunasekaran (2004:673-690), a project is a set of inter-related tasks that are undertaken by an organisation to meet defined objectives, that has an agreed start and finish time, is constrained by cost, and that has specified performance requirements and resources. Projects are usually led by a project manager who is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project. However the project manager has to interface with the line management, according to Kerzner (2006:7). Projects are performed by people and managed through people, so it is essential to develop an organisation structure which reflects the needs of the project (Burke, 2007:304). Organisations use project management to bring key people together to achieve specific goals (Palmer, 2002:101-105). According to Gido & Clements (2003:336-339), Conflict can arise from poor or organisational issues can cause conflict in a project. mbiguous project communication, lack of information sharing, or failure to make timely decisions. Problems caused by conflict include: confusion; waste of time, money and opportunity; diminished productivity; de-motivation of individuals and teams; internal conflicts and power struggles and ultimately project failure (Box & Platts, 2005:370-387). 2 Due to the numerous working interfaces, complicated networks, and diversified team members of a large project, coordination efficiency among members of the team is vital to the project’s success (Cheng, Su & You, 2003:70-79). One of the simplest, yet most effective things upper management can do is to set out the company’s policy for project management; thus establishing the vision for how the company wants to best utilise project management concepts and gives a clear downwards communication (Eve, 2007:85-90). Successful executives and managers must maintain an appropriate balance between strategic and operational concerns, as they conduct the affairs of their organisation in a project management environment (Czuchry & Yasin, 2003:39-46). The first and most basic lesson learnt regarding project management implementation, is that top management must demonstrate its unequivocal and visible support for a transition to the project management way of goal achievement (Brown & Botha, 2005:1-7). When senior management place the responsibility for project success with the project manager, without providing adequate authority and at times, implemented changes that further undermine the project manager’s authority; it leads to project failure (Kennedy & Marx, 2009:368-373). The starting point for ensuring that matrix structures work effectively is to ensure that there is a genuine need for them (Rees & Porter, 2004:189-193). Matrix structures should not be introduced simply on the basis that they are fashionable. It is also important to note that work teams do not exist in a vacuum, but are part of a larger organisational system with distinct cultural and structural characteristics (Tata, 2000:187-193). 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY An organisational structure is a mainly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim. Organisational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. 3 A hierarchical organisation is an organisational structure where every entity in the organisation, except one, is sub-ordinate to a single other entity. This arrangement is a form of a hierarchy. In an organisation, the hierarchy usually consists of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. This is the dominant mode of organisation among large organisations; most corporations, governments, and organized religions are hierarchical organisations with different levels of management, power or authority. Organisations have recognised that performing organisational projects has increased both organisational efficiency and effectiveness, thus organisational projects are becoming more of a norm than an exception these days. Each type of organisation has advantages and disadvantages pertaining to project implementation. The organisation should establish firm, standardized project management systems. The matrix structure leads to institutionalised conflict which, if properly channelled, should lead to a number of advantages, such as efficiency and flexibility in used of resources, technical excellence of solutions, motivation and development of employees and the freeing of top management from routine decision making (Rowlinson, 2001:669-673). According to Brown (2008:1-9), a seven step organisational process needs to be formally instituted in an organisation through a thoroughly planned strategy to ensure that appropriate project management processes and tools. . 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION In recent years, managers of for-profit private organisations have been under considerable market pressures to re-orient the strategies, operations and business models of their organisations. In a response to these pressures, the organisational structures of these organisations have been steadily re-engineered from mechanistic, rigid and closed system-oriented to a more organic, flexible and open sy stem-oriented (Gomes, Yasin & Lisboa, 2008: 573-585). 4 Most managers focus on how the project methodology can adapt to it’s organisational context, however, in doing so, they sacrifice the flexibility and dynamism of the project approach for the bureaucratic, control-based view of functional organisations (Thiry, 2006:22) The questions to be addressed in this study are as follows: †¢ How does the organisational structure affect the project manager's effectiveness? †¢ To what degree is the effectiveness of the organisational structure sabotaged by the human factor? †¢ Which organisational structures are best suited for project management? 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY . 4. 1 Primary objective The purpose of this study is to verify whether organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a project manager. 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study The following theoretical objectives were established in order to support the primary objective. †¢ Conducting management. †¢ Conducting a literature stud y on factors of influence in project management. †¢ Reviewing organisational structure models commonly employed by companies in the project management environment. †¢ Contrasting the literature studied with observations in the industry in practice. 1. 4. Empirical objectives The following empirical objectives were formulated in support of the primary and theoretical objectives. †¢ Identifying key elements of influence on project management success. a literature study on organisational structures in project 5 †¢ Identifying organisational structures employed by companies to ensure support project management. 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 1. 5. 1 Literature review Published material in the form of books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, government publications and the Internet formed part of establishing a well-informed theoretical background. . 5. 2 Target population The population was restricted to companies in the Western Cape Province, for econom ic reasons; as most companies are within easy reach. The population comprised project management practitioners. For the purpose of this study, project management practitioners are persons practising project management, who are given the responsibility and accountability for implementing projects in an organisation. In industry, the title varies from company to company. The commonly used titles are Project Supervisor and Project Manager. The companies to be included in the study must be practising project The companies must have a formal project management for more than five years. management structure in place. It is anticipated that many companies may not be keen to share information on this subject. Therefore, to increase the probability of reaching the required sample size, organisations in the entire province were chosen. 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling A combination of convenience and judgement sampling was used, in light of the geographical dispersion of the organisations. Care was taken to include a broad variety of project management practitioners. The organisations were grouped according to industries. In the absence of previous research, a minimum sample size of one hundred project management practitioners will be chosen for the study. The sample size has been determined on the basis of the cost of the exercise and accessibility to the various companies. 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection The survey method will be used. A personal interview using a structured questionnaire will be used to obtain the required information. This method was chosen as it is simple and allows for clarity of questions. 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used for the initial analysis. The MoonStats package will be used for data analysis. Cross-tabulation and correlation will be used to establish simple relationships between the organisational structure and it’s effects on project management in the business. 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review An overview is provided of strategies, strategic business levels ad their relationship to each other. This chapter concentrates on organisational structures, competencies and the dynamics of project management. It also explores the need for strategic organisational decisions to further support project management objectives. structures are also highlighted. Different organisational 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology The emphasis of this chapter is on the design of the research, the measuring instruments and population target. employed are outlined. The data analysis procedure and the statistical techniques 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Results and Findings In this chapter data is analysed, interpreted and evaluated. 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations The recommendations emanating from the study are suggested. limitations of the research are highlighted. The benefits and 1. 7 SYNOPSIS This paper is primarily addressed at the decision makers about project management in an organisation. In the arenas of business and management, the principles of project man agement are relatively simple and much of it actually common sense. However, this paper aims to confirm that the implementation and acceptance thereof, in a functionallyonly structured organisation, is quite a complex process. The paper’s prime purpose is herefore to highlight, that after the decision to implement project management is made, a number of not so obvious implications for the organisation, as well as structural, organisational culture and systems changes, have to be thoroughly managed to ensure success. In this chapter the background and scope of research are described. The Research objectives are utilized in an effort to address the research problem. In the next chapter the literature used as background for this study, will be discussed, while the different levels of project management organisational structures and how they are interrelated will be outlined. REFERENCES Cleland, D. , Gareis, R. 2006. Global project management handbook: Planning, McGraw-Hill Organ izing and Controlling International Projects, Second Edition. Professional. Project Management Institute. 2004. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge – 3rd edition. Pennsylvania: PMI Publications. Burke, R. 2007. Project management Techniques college edition. South Africa; Burke Publishing. Gido, J. and Clements, J. P. 2003. Successful Project Management – Second Edition. USA. South-Western. Kerzner, H. 2006. Project Management – Ninth Edition, A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons. Sandhu, M. A. and Gunasekaran, A. 2004. Business process development in projectbased industry. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 10 No. 6:673-690. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Box, S. and Platts, K. 2005. Business process management: establishing and maintaining project alignment. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 11 No. 4:370-387. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Palmer, M. 2002. How an effective project culture can help to achieve business success: establishing a project culture in Kimberley-Clark Europe. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 34. Number 3:101-105. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Czuchry, A. J. and Yasin, M. M. 2003. Managing the project management process. Industrial Management and Data Systems. 103/1 :39-46. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 9 Rees, W. D. and Porter, C. 2004. Matrix structures and the training implications. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 36. Number 5:189–193. Emerald Group Publishing Limited  · ISSN 0019-:189-193 Gomes, C. F. , Yasin, M. M. and Lisboa, J. V. 2008. Project management in the context of organizational change. International Journal of Public Sector Management. Vol. 21 No. 6:573-585. Tata, J. 2000. Autonomous work teams: an examination of cultural and structural constraints. Work Study. Volume 49. Number 5:187-193. MCB University Press. Rowlinson, S. 2001. Matrix organizational structure, culture and commitment: a Hong Kong public sector case study of change. Construction Management and Economics. 19, 669-673. Spon Press. Brown, C. J. and Botha, M. C. 2005. Lessons learnt on implementing project management in a functionally-only structured South African municipality. South African Journal of Business Management. 36(4):1-7 Cheng, M. Su, C. and You, H. 2003. Optimal Project Organizational Structure for Construction Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. January/February:70-79. Brown, C. J. 2008. A comprehensive organisational model for the effective management of project management. South African Journal of Business Management. 39(3):1-8. Kennedy, D. A. and Marx, T. 2009. Going Against Traditional Wisdom: Running Proj ects in a Functional Structure. Proceedings of the 2009 Industrial Engineering Research Conference. 368-373. Thiry, M. 2006. The Matrix Evolves. PM Network. Apr. 20,4:22. Eve, A. 2007. Development of project management systems. Industrial and Commercial Training. Vol. 39. No. 2:85-90. 10 Questionnaire For each planning product written, please mark the most suitable answer referring to the projects you were recently involved in, according to the following scale: 54321ABThe product is always obtained The product is quite frequently obtained The product is frequently obtained The product is seldom obtained The product is hardly ever obtained The product is irrelevant to the projects I am involved in I do not know whether the product is obtained Please choose between 1-5 and A or B. Part A – Project Planning Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 1. Project Plan 2. Project Deliverables 3. WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Chart 4. Project Activities 5. PERT or Gantt Chart 6. Activity Duration Estimate 7. Activity Start and End Dates 8. Activity Required Resources 9. Resource Cost 10. Time-phased Budget 11. Quality Management Plan 12. Role and Responsibility Assignments 13. Project Staff Assignments 14. Communications Management Plan 15. Risk Management Plan 16. Procurement Management Plan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 11 Part B – Organisational Support Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 17. Project-Based Organisation 18. Extent of Existence of Projects’ Procedures 19. Appropriate Project Manager Assignment 20. Extent of Refreshing Project Procedures 21. Extent of Involvement of the Project Manager during Initiation Stage 22. Extent of Communication between the Project Manager and the Organisation during the Planning Phase 23. Extent of Existence of Project Success Measurement 24. Extent of Supportive Project Organisational Structure 25. Extent of Existence of Interactive InterDepartmental Project Planning Groups 26. Extent of Organisational Projects Resource Planning 27. Extent of Organisational Projects Risk Management 28. Extent of Organisational Projects Quality Management 29. Extent of On Going Project Management Training Programs 30. Extent of Use of Standard Project Management Software (e. . Ms-Project) 31. Extent of Use of New Project Tools and Techniques 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A B B B B B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics a. Organisation type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? (2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Government ? (3) Production ? (6) Maintenance ? (9) Other: ______ b. Project type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? 2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Aeronautics ? (3) Electronics ? (6) Mechanics ? (9) Other: _____ c. Evaluate the following indexes in the scale of 1 to 10 (1-low, 10-high): Index Low High Quality of planning of project you are involved in Project performance at the end of the projects Customer satisfaction at the end of the projects Risk level at the beginning of the project 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d. Your personal involvement in projects: ? Project Manager ? Project Team Member ? Other: _______ 13