Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program in California

Abstract California welfare to work Act, which was enacted in 1997, led to the creation of CYSA (comprehensive youth service act). CYSA was meant to provide â€Å"country’s probation departments (CPDs) with federal temporary assistance to the needy families’ (TANF) funds to be used to help in attaining overarching federal TANF goals by providing services to youths and their families† (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003, p. xi).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, CYSA/TANF program was a statutory program for increasing social welfare for its beneficiaries. This goal is explicitly expressed in the statement of goals of the program. Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain (2003) confirm that the main goal of the program was to â€Å"provide a continuum of family-focused and case-specific services in a community-based setting that address the full spectrum of child and family needs, including the services provided in county-operated residential care facilities† (p. xi). The paper presents the projects, which were implemented through the program. It also highlights the services that were provided to the target social groups, the effects of the program from a system approach and individual gains, and the experiences of various counties with the implementation of the program. The aim is to evaluate the programs’ extent of achievement of its noble goals and objectives. Background to CYSA/TANF Program CYSA/TANF program was the creation of the CalWORKs (California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids). The program was enacted in the financial years 1997/1998 (Worrall, 2004). The chief purpose of the program was to offer services to juveniles who were placed on probation. This goal was to be achieved through putting in place measures that would ensure that youths were prevented from involving themselves in repeated crimes. It also put in strategies that would see youths who were placed on probation stop over relying on public aids besides creating avenues for the provision of help to the needy families through the federal temporary assistance program. The aim of providing aid to the needy families was to ensure that the needy parents rely less on the benefits given by the government (Worrall, 2004). This object was to be realized via putting in place mechanisms of ensuring that such parents were prepared to engage in the work environment.Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The program also endeavored to ensure that incidences of single parent families occurred in lesser magnitudes together with reduction of incidences of children siring while not engaged in marriage (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). The implementatio n process of the program was not fundamentally required by the state of California law to undergo an intensive evaluation process just as it happens normally for programs that are established to deliver public goods. However, the state of California’s probation officer found it vital to conduct an analysis of the process of implementation of the program together with an evaluation of its outcomes (Calderwood, Kitzes Ivanoff, 2012). After considering and ensuring that the approaches of the bidding process followed the procuring and bidding procedures established within California, the contract to conduct analysis of the program was accorded to an organization referred to as RAND. This organization was mandated to provide feedback on the implementation of the program within fixed time lines besides providing an assessment report on how the funding for the program was utilized by various probation departments in all the benefiting counties. It also provided a thorough assessmen t of the manner in which local interventions influenced the program. RAND was also to provide recommendations on the plausible mechanisms through which the program would be improved in the future in terms of operation and program design. In this paper, the analysis and summary of the program is conducted in the context of the findings of RAND as discussed in its evaluation report referred to as Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF program in California: final report. Projects implemented through the CYSA/TANF Program Countries used CYSA/TANF program to allocate money to people in custody places. These places include jail halls for children and camps. The countries also used the program to arrange the CYSA/TANF money allocated to different programs in many groups ranging from taking preventive measures to ensuring that work is done properly in accordance with the legal rights of keeping and maintaining children.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Evaluation of t he CYSA/TANF Program in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This effort is done to give a set of things on a scale that concentrates on family by focusing on specific issues of the community besides dealing with a range of particular things to do with children and family requirements and services offered to people residing in countries that have access to health care facilities (Worrall, 2004). Earlier, CYSA/TANF aided counties to put up key programs, which concentrated on youth related issues. In subsequent programs, countries usually arranged their CYSA/TANF funds that were allocated across most of the targeted population by involving the behaviors of pupils who skip from school without permission, youths living in specific areas, and people who are related to them (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). Information from programs within the 11 counties that took part in the detail action study highlighted the various ways th at CPDS were used to ensure that CYSA/TANF goals were achieved. For instance, programs varied from establishing prevention networks to offering services such as counseling, regular checking, medical attention services, and a variety of life lessons, skills, and gradual growth services given to youths in prisons. Other counties decided to use CYSA/TANF money to fund programs in a set of scales. For instance, programs operating at the level of at-risk youths and their relatives offered services to a great multitude of customers in 2002.These programs helped about 6400 at-risk youths together with people who had relations with them (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). About 8500 youths in jail institutions were also served by the CYSA/TANF. Through CYSA/TANF, developments in the whole country were recognized. For example, different approaches were deployed for dealing with youth requirements and relations to work in a more collaborative way within county agencies. To accomplish CYSA /TANF implementation, organizations changed a number of different things for instance employing new staff members who were obtained from either those who were kept pending to be employed or people from administrative personnel or training employees to concentrate CYSA/TANF.Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effort was also made to change the current rules and procedures to suit the focus on CYSA related goals, making slight changes to the way things are managed in the organization, and coming up with new demanding methods. Planning earlier and ensuring that programs are accomplished were prevented by few major factors, which include problems related to the implementation of a many-service-outcome model and documentation procedure. Services delivered through CYSA/TANF Program CYSA/TANF Program was formulated to deliver a number of services as discussed in the background section. From the perspective of the program analysis, the goal of evaluation is to determine whether these services were indeed delivered as proposed. Prior to the introduction of the program, some counties in California already had operational programs to aid the needy families and juveniles (Worrall, 2004). However, the program was instrumental in aiding to facilitate continuity of these programs since some were runni ng out funds. For instance, some counties deployed the funds allocated to them through the program to improve, modify, or even boost treatment services that had been formalized. Indeed, with regard to Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain (2003), â€Å"large counties were more likely to use CYSA/TANF funds to substantially modify or enhance existing formal treatment services, where else small counties, which had fewer services to begin with, were more likely to add new treatment services under CYSA/TANF† (p. xiii). Therefore, the program was effective in delivering services to the needy families by virtue of the fact that the communities already identified such needs. The only challenges were funding limitations to fulfill the goals of the existing programs. Through the CYSA/TANF program, coordination services were also provided. However, it does not mean that counties, which were allocated the CYSA/TANF funds, did not have the existing coordination services. Rather, such servic es were provided externally to the counties through case management. More than 67 percent of the counties deployed the funds allocated to them via CYSA/TANF program to enhance case management service that was provided externally (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). Half of the counties also spent an incredible amount in facilitation of referral together with information services relating to availing various community-essential resources. The large counties possessed higher probabilities to utilize funds allocated to them to enhance their case management services while the small counties had the highest probability of utilizing their funds to initiate new referral services together with external case management services (Turner, Davis, Steinberg Fain, 2003). After-care-services comprised an incredible class of services that counties used the CYSA/TANF funds to enhance them. Tantamount to the other cases, many of the large counties utilized their funds to expand the existing servi ces while smaller counties considered utilizing their funds to fund new services. A similar trend is also true for services dealing with skill developments within the counties. Realization of the nature of services provided and their trend of provisions based on the size of counties concerns Turner, Davis, Steinberg and Fain (2003) who claim, â€Å" we expected to find that the types of services and the intensity of services provided in a different setting along the continuum of options would vary† (p. xiii). In fact, considering the nature of services rendered through CYSA/TANF, it is evident that counties belonging to higher continuum had higher probabilities to provide more services relative to those belonging to the lower continuum. One striking difference was that of the formal treatment services because many counties focused on their provision irrespective of the county continuum. CYSA/TANF Program services delivered to juvenile halls The program was targeted at assisti ng several groups of people who were convicted for juvenile crimes. This category included youths who were regarded as at-risk youths, WIC 601, WIC 602, WIC 777, wardship, and custody. Risky youths include all youths who fail academically in effect that they live in poverty, are disabled, and or they belong to segregated minority groups (Worrall, 2004, p.472). WIC 601 involved all juveniles who are charged with offenses, which do not apply for adults, alternatively called status offenses. WIC 777 Juveniles are charged with felonies of misdemeanor. Lastly, while juveniles belonging to the class of warship constitute â€Å"youths under court supervision who are placed at some, or at a relative’s house on probation, custody refers to all juveniles under court supervision who have been sentenced from 0-12 months in juvenile camp or ranch† (Calderwood, Kitzes Ivanoff, 2012, p.16). Considering the roles played by the CYSA/TANF program to ensure that all these groups of yout hs live better lives, and are able to coexist and contribute to societal development, it is evident that the program was effective in the realization of its goals and objectives. Based on capacity, different counties offered services to different youths within their halls. In the largest counties, the halls offered services to youths in an excess of 1500. Beyond half of members of counties, which benefited from CYSA/TANF program funding to provide services to juveniles, put up juvenile halls with a capacity of holding 200 people and above in any period of time (Calderwood, Kitzes Ivanoff, 2012). The time of stay at the juvenile center ranged from five to twenty-seven days. Therefore, CYSA/TANF program was effective in ensuring that large numbers of people falling in any of described categories of juveniles acquired services across the state of California. However, it is important to note that, within California, juvenile services seeking to reform youths convicted for felony crimes did not exist prior to the creation of CYSA/TANF. Indeed, Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain (2003) found, â€Å"majority of counties provided between 6 and15 CYSA/TANF services in the juvenile halls, with minority providing more than 16 services† (p. xiii). Therefore, some counties found no need of creating news juvenile halls. Rather, CYSA/TANF funds were dedicated to improving the existing facilities and services offered at the halls. Therefore, even though the funds in such situations did not go into the establishment of new juvenile hall, the funds sealed a gap that many prior established juvenile halls had been struggling to seal. Impacts of CYSA/TANF Program Services provided at the juvenile halls influenced youths in various ways. Through CYSA/TANF, many counties argued that they experienced observable changes with real impacts on the persons seeking services from the juvenile halls. In terms of collaboration, mental health program and drug abuse programs were implem ented in various counties. Such programs were instrumental in helping to provide mechanisms of reforming juveniles since substance abuse is one of the major drivers for youths to engage in felony (Grady, 2012: Randle, 2007). CYSA/TANF program also provided funds that were deployed to enhance activities that were pivotal in the achievement of other goals of juvenile service as intended by CYSA/TANF legislation. The goals included investments of the CYSA/TANF funds in teaching at-risk youths concerning mechanisms of anger management, counseling, and even educational advocacy among others. CYSA/TANF program possessed some particular outcomes that it anticipated to realize. The legislation hoped to ensure that more emphasis was placed on different counties on enhancing youth accountability besides providing services to families and various youth groups in direct ways (Worrall, 2004). At the heart of the program also rested the need to provide intervention coupled with prevention service s to at-risk youths. Persons who were charged with the implementation of CYSA/TANF program found the services offered as having the impact that was moderate in terms of achievement of the program outcomes. Turner, Davis, Steinberg and Fain (2003) support this argument by arguing, â€Å"program officers felt that the impact of their CYSA/TANF program and/or services in their county was particularly important in the areas of public safety and increasing the range of options that probation officers had in serving the youths and families† (p. xvi). CYSA/TANF also created an opportunity for departments within the juvenile rehabilitation institutions to increase the capacity of their staff to enhance better service delivery. Through the custody programs developed in various counties, CYSA/TANF aided in enhancement of a myriad of services that are accorded to first-time felony offenders coupled with their families. In fact, various chiefs in different departments, which offered cust ody services, argued that, in case CYSA/TANF was terminated, enormous changes would take place. Such changes would influence the current achievements of the program to suffer incredibly. The impacts of the CYSA/TANF can also be discussed from the paradigms of evaluating the effectiveness of the legislation in achieving its intended aims. Arguing from this perspective, Turner, Davis, Steinberg, and Fain note, â€Å"CYSA/TANF filled an important gap in funding for juvenile probation services that had been lost when the title IV-A-EA program ended in December 1995† (2003, p.xvi). Consequently, CYSA/TANF created a room for the emergence of services for benefiting youths and their families. This attempt was perhaps important in the effort to ensure that California continued with the role of ensuring that all its citizens remained productive people who can enhance the growth of the state. CYSA/TANF also had impacts of making it possible for probation to emerge as a strategy that wa s viable within various counties in terms of addressing various children on issues that influenced their developments negatively such as engagement in felony. CYSA/TANF provides a magnificent opportunity for various counties to collaborate with other counties and various service providers including local authorities within California in matters of probation. From this dimension, CYSA/TANF is crucial in sealing paramount funding gaps by changing the approach of dealing with juvenile deliquescent from monitoring and suppression, and enforcement to more friendly approaches such as therapy and or rehabilitation. CYSA/TANF also raised efforts for system-wide mechanisms of planning on measures for dealing with recurrent challenges of at-risk youths together with their families. Counties experiences with implementation of CYSA/TANF Program CYSA/TANF is one of the best available mechanisms of funding custody services. This assertion is perhaps largely true by considering counties’ ex periences with the reality of the fact that Title IV-E is not appropriate for utilization in the custody settings. Some counties also had immense challenges in the evaluation of the effectiveness of their program that were funded by CYSA/TANF (Worrall, 2004, p.474). As argued before, in many counties, the CYSA/TANF allocated to them was utilized in improving the existing rehabilitations programs for at-risk youths among other services. The funding environment also presented some challenges to various counties. For instance, according to Calderwood, Kitzes, and Ivanoff (2012), â€Å"about 1/3 of counties experienced fiscal pressure-withholding or re-appropriation of CYSA/TANF funds† (p.70). Nevertheless, some CPDS chiefs were inclined to the opinion that, in overall, the funding from CYSA/TANF was helpful. While this position shows positive experience with CYSA/TANF, issues of program complication were also eminent. For instance, the program was set for implementation in 58 co unties comprising 23 services, which were divided into four main broad categories. In every county, there was the need to implement the program in similar ways to others for it to attain its overall goals, aims, and objectives that are replicated in all counties. This was perhaps not the case. Some counties, especially the poor ones, did not have adequate knowhow on the program implementation and evaluation theories. Reference List Calderwood, D., Kitzes, E., Ivanoff, S. (2012). Summary report: evaluation of the CYSA/TANF program in California. Web. Grady, S. (2012). Civil Death is Different: An Examination of A post-Graham Challenge to Felon Disenfranchisement under the Eighth Amendment. The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 102(2), 441-470. Randle, J. (2007). Review of Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy. Law and Society, 41(2), 500-503. Turner, S., Davis, L., Steinberg P., Fain, T. (2003). Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF program in California: final repo rt. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Worrall, J. (2004). Funding Collaborative Juvenile Crime Prevention Programs: Does It Make a Difference? Evaluation Review, 28(9), 471-501. This critical writing on Evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program in California was written and submitted by user Zeke Rowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Spot and Deal with Horrible Bosses

How to Spot and Deal with Horrible Bosses Even if you’re happy with your position and your place of work, having problems with your boss can really make your life miserable. Some bosses just have a bad work ethic or unreasonable expectations of you. The most awful ones might have hair-trigger tempers, be cruel and demeaning, or even worse. Looking out for the warning signs that you might have one of these horrible bosses may help you deal with or even slip out of a bad situation before it’s too late. 1. Remain on alert during the interview.The ideal way to deal with a bad boss is to never work for him or her in the first place. This requires you to pay attention to red flags during your job interview. Potential bosses reveal much about their personalities during interviews- even though you’re the one who’s being questioned. If she arrives to the interview late, spends more time staring at his phone than engaging with you, or is unprepared or insulting, you can expect a lot of the same behavior on the job. Some workers have no problem dealing with such unprofessionalism, but if you don’t want to deal with it, say â€Å"thanks, but no thanks† to this job opportunity.2.  Look out for issues on the job.Some issues won’t arise until you’re actually working with your boss. These problems may involve a boss who is never there when you need him or one who’s constantly breathing down your neck. He may have problems with dishonesty, which can even involve taking credit for your work. She may expect you to work late, and in worst-case scenarios, only let you know this when you already have one foot out the door. He may not be willing to admit to his mistakes and might even throw you under the bus to deflect blame from himself.One or two of these issues is almost to be expected- after all, bosses are fallible humans as we all are. But when issue piles upon issue, it might be time to seek employment with a boss who isn’t so horrible.3. Believe it when you see impossible-to-miss issues.Sometimes bad boss behavior can be pretty subtle. Other times, it’s more like a slap in the face. Racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise offensive behavior from a boss is impossible to ignore and a clear sign that your boss is utterly horrible. There is no reason you should have to deal with such behavior- you do not have to be a trooper and keep your mouth shut if you are being mistreated. Filing a complaint with HR is definitely in order under such circumstances. Bosses who are verbally or physically abusive or invade your personal space or sexually harass you should be reported to HR, OSHA, or even the police.4. Listen to your body.Your boss’s horribleness is not just detectable in his or her behavior. Your own body may also send you a warning. Does the idea of having to deal with her another day put a knot in your stomach or an ache in your skull? Are you losing sleep because you cannot stop thinking about how your boss c hews you out every day? Does your heart pound as you walk into the office because you know your boss is either lying in wait for you or off who-knows-where while you’re left to deal with everything? Well, then your body may be sending you a clear message: get out- your boss is horrible.

Case Pneumonia Essay Example for Free

Case Pneumonia Essay Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by an infection. It is also called Pneumonitis or Bronchopneumonia. Pneumonia can be a serious threat to our health. Although pneumonia is a special concern for older adults and those with chronic illnesses, it can also strike young, healthy people as well. It is a common illness that affects thousands of people each year in the Philippines, thus, it remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the country. There are many kinds of pneumonia that range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. In infectious pneumonia, bacteria, viruses, fungi or other organisms attack your lungs, leading to inflammation that makes it hard to breathe. Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. In the young and healthy, early treatment with antibiotics can cure bacterial pneumonia. The drugs used to fight pneumonia are determined by the germ causing the pneumonia and the judgment of the doctor. It’s best to do everything we can to prevent pneumonia, but if one do get sick, recognizing and treating the disease early offers the best chance for a full recovery. A case with a diagnosis of Pneumonia may catch one’s attention, though the disease is just like an ordinary cough and fever, it can lead to death especially when no intervention or care is done. Since the case is a toddler, an appropriate care has to be done to make the patient’s recovery faster. Treating patients with pneumonia is necessary to prevent its spread to others and make them as another victim of this illness. The lungs constitute the largest organ in the respiratory system. They play an important role in respiration, or the process of providing the body with oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. The lungs expand and contract up to 20 times per minute taking in and disposing of those gases. Air that is breathed in is filled with oxygen and goes to the trachea, which branches off into one of two bronchi. Each bronchus enters a lung. There are two lungs, one on each side of the breastbone and protected by the ribs. Each lung is made up of lobes, or sections. There are three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the left one. The lungs are cone shaped and made of elastic, spongy tissue. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch out into minute pathways that go through the lung tissue. The pathways are called bronchioles, and they end at microscopic air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries and provide oxygen for the blood in these vessels. The oxygenated blood is then pumped by the heart throughout the body. The alveoli also take in carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled from the body. Inhaling is due to contractions of the diaphragm and of muscles between the ribs. Exhaling results from relaxation of those muscles. Each lung is surrounded by a two-layered membrane, or the pleura, that under normal circumstances has a very, very small amount of fluid between the layers. The fluid allows the membranes to easily slide over each other during breathing. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Pneumonia is a serious infection or inflammation of your lungs. The air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid. Oxygen has trouble reaching your blood. If there is too little oxygen in your blood, your body cells can’t work properly. Because of this and spreading infection through the body pneumonia can cause death. Pneumonia affects your lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs. Bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Of these, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common. Other pathogens include anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other gram-negative bacilli. Major pulmonary pathogens in infants and children are viruses: respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza A and B viruses. Among other agents are higher bacteria including Nocardia and Actinomyces sp; mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical strains; fungi, including Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii; and rickettsiae, primarily Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). The usual mechanisms of spread are inhaling droplets small enough to reach the alveoli and aspirating secretions from the upper airways. Other means include hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination and direct spread from contiguous infections. Predisposing factors include upper respiratory viral infections, alcoholism, institutionalization, cigarette smoking, heart failure, chronic obstructive airway disease, age extremes, debility, immunocompromise (as in diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure), compromised consciousness, dysphagia, and exposure to transmissible agents. Typical symptoms include cough, fever, and sputum production, usually developing over days and sometimes accompanied by pleurisy. Physical examination may detect tachypnea and signs of consolidation, such as crackles with bronchial breath sounds. This syndrome is commonly caused by bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. NURSING PROFILE a. Patient’s Profile Name: R. C. S. B. Age: 1 yr,1 mo. Weight:10 kgs Religion: Roman Catholic Mother: C. B. Address: Valenzuela City b. Chief Complaint: Fever Date of Admission: 1st admission Case Pneumonia. (2018, Oct 16).

Immigration Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration Reform - Essay Example That is why the current government has come up with proposals to enhance legal migration along the borders. This paper outlines the issues regarding illegal migration across the border of US, alternative plans to account for the undocumented immigrants and proposals on the importance of immigrants. It also proposes the impact of legal migration to the economy of US and betterment of the future. Immigration reform in the US is a proposal that is aimed at increasing the number legal immigrations into the country. For example, the guest worker reform that was supported by President George Bush aimed at ensuring the number of guests who come to work in the US are registered in the country. However, the issue of illegal immigration is a controversial one since the government is unable to handle all the cases of illegal immigrations in the country. The people who support immigration reform stipulate that illegal immigrants into the country cost the US taxpayers approximately $338.3 billion. This issue has been associated with weaken law enforcement in the country thus putting safety of government officials and the citizens of the US in jeopardy. For instance, in 2001, President George W. Bush and the former president of Mexico Vicente Fox wanted to pass an immigration policy whose aim was to benefit the Mexican emigrants in the US (United States Congress b 32). The immigration r eform and Control Act of 1986 stipulates that it is illegal for employers to hire illegal immigrants in the country. However, there was a non-immigrant visa system which allowed the lesser-skilled employees to work in the US. However, since the year 2006 amnesty, the US was said to have approximately 12 million immigrants who were not documented. The number of undocumented immigrants was estimated to make up to 5 percent of the workforce in the US. Moreover, it was also revealed that about 70 percent of the undocumented immigrants had

Project proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project - Research Proposal Example These agents are known to possess a wide variety of applications, which can facilitate various non-viral systems for the introduction of DNA into the host body and enable easy and effective genetic therapy for the cure of dreaded diseases such as cancer. This study, attempts to identify and illustrate third generation polylysine dendrons as a potential source for the development of a non-viral platform for gene delivery. The study will delineate the characteristics of various dendrons to demonstrate their potential as a non-viral source of gene delivery. In addition, it will also illustrate the specific traits of third generation polylysine for potential use in gene delivery and gene therapy. To establish this, the study will comprise lab testing of mice to show that gene delivery can be efficiently be done using third generation polylysine dendrons. The goal of the research is to add value to the existing body of knowledge in this regard and to make it a more effective system for gene delivery as well as gene therapy. While the use of viral-vectors is an efficient method to introduce genes into host cells, they entail several cellular as well as extra cellular barriers. Though viral-vectors have both efficiency and high gene expression they ail from the major limitation of vulnerability to immunogenic reactions. Therefore, the medical fraternity’s interest rather slants to the alternative method of deploying non-viral methods for the delivery of genes into the host body as it entails lesser complexity. Thus, the use of dendrons or dendrimers has been gaining popularity in the field of genetic medicine, especially in its application for gene delivery and gene therapy. This is especially so because they provide a multifunctional platform by virtue of being synthetically capable of attaching tumour-targeting antibodies. Many studies confirm the validity of third generation polylysine as an effective monomer that has the potential to deliver

The Nightmare of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Nightmare of the American Dream Essay The â€Å"American Dream†, an idea that success, freedom and equality exists according to each mans capabilities regardless of social status and ethnicity, is one that appeals to every American from all walks of life. After the Great Depression, the importance of realizing success, freedom and equality became a priority in the lives of many, including the Native Americans. The belief in the â€Å"American Dream† was deeply embedded in their hearts in a quest to dispel stereotypes about their community such as being poverty- stricken and primitive warriors who belonged in the jungles as they began to assimilate into the urban culture of a white dominated society. However, as one examines the American society today, such stereotypes still exists and may have been influential in the opportunities presented to the Native American communities or the lack thereof. In the story â€Å"The Red Convertible†, Louise Erdrich employs images associated with freedom as ironies in order to argue that the â€Å"American Dream† is a farce as the stereotypes attached to individual communities, in this case, the Native American communities will never be broken and the believe in such dreams will eventually lead to life-altering and undesirable outcomes. Erdrich consistently uses the image of the convertible that the brothers bought which would usually represent freedom and status connected with the ownership of an automobile in an ironical manner to show that the brothers will never be free and revered in society as a result of their ethnicity. Its colour, â€Å"of course it was red† (1-2), is a reminder of how Native American communities have lived with the stigma of being call Red Indians for centuries thus suggesting they will never be free of such derogatory labels. The brothers bought the car â€Å"reposed, calm and gleaming† (34) just as they bought into the promising idea of equality in the â€Å"American Dream†. Paralleling the journey of the gleaming car to Henry who had to leave for the war as many Native Americans were drafted to fight on the frontline, Lyman â€Å"had it up on blocks in the yard or half taken apart, because the long trip did a hard job on it† just as light-hearted Henry returns from the war a broken man, needing â€Å"repairs†. The ultimate irony is in the tragic ending of the convertible sinking into the river, representing the crushed dreams of equality and success as Henry returns to the same poverty-stricken life of the reservation which he assumed would change at the end of the war. To further illustrate the irony of the â€Å"American Dream†, Erdrich compares Henry to the rabbit which is essentially an animal that exists freely in the wild but who exists to be preyed just as Native Americans believing that they were equals in society but were actually preyed upon the stereotype that they were brave, natural warriors who would have skills to fight ruthlessly in the war. When Henry came back from the war, he was â€Å"jumpy and mean† (123) and when he was still, â€Å"it was the kind of stillness that you see in a rabbit when it freezes before it will bolt† (128-130). Henry was used as a prey in the war based on a stereotype without any regard for his humanity, now would bolt to protect himself as he realizes that the dream of equality he believed in was a lie which exploited his ethnicity instead of protecting it. As Lyman narrated another stereotype of Native Indians in the story: â€Å"We liked to tease him that they really wanted him for his Indian nose† (91-92), has more truth to it as many Native Americans were made to fight in the front line during the war resulting in an alarming rate of deaths. Lastly, Erdrich ironically uses imagery of nature as embodiments of hope and new beginnings and juxtaposed them against the brothers dreams of a better life which was tragically crushed. Lyman describes of the day when Henry suggests to take the car out for a spin after he fixed it: It was spring. The sun was shining very bright. My only sister, Bonita, who was just eleven years old came out and made us stand together for a picture. (194-196) The imagery of springtime which symbolizes hope and life and the Sun which symbolizes a gleaming future is what the brothers had believed in as they bought into the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† as a means of escaping their poverty stricken lives in the reservations. However, after  Henry â€Å"squint against the glare† (212) of the Sun in the photo as he could no longer believe in the dream after being exploited in the war. As Lyman later examines the picture, he realizes that Henry â€Å"might have drawn back , because the shadows on his face are deep as holes† (214-215) suggests that Henry will never again be the person that he was even in the hopeful time of Spring, he will always be a victim of the war and stereotypes hence unable to pursue forward to achieve success as promised in the â€Å"American Dream† he had believed earlier. In the later part of the story, Erdrich uses the image of the sun again, only this time in a deference to the tragedy of Henrys drowning as he is unable to live the life of poverty and despair as well as to the failure of the American dream which did not deliver its promise of equality and freedom as â€Å"the sun is down†(294). The ironical use of images of freedom in â€Å"The Red Convertible† shows that the â€Å"American Dream† did not deliver its promise of equality regardless of social status and ethnicity as stereotypes regarding the Native Americans continue to exist and such stereotypes not only has the ability to hurt an individual but can also have tragic consequences such as deaths of Native Americans in alarming numbers in the war as well as the death of Henry as he no longer believed in the dream.

Travelling the World Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jules Verne

In the nineteenth century, it seemed impossible to circumnavigate the world in only eighty days. That, however, was exactly what Phileas Fogg did in Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days. This novel follows the journey of the eccentric Englishman, Phileas Fogg, after he bet he could race around the world in just eighty days. Accompanied by his faithful servant, Passepartout, and a scheming detective, Fix, he encountered and overcame many challenges in order to return in time to win the bet. In Around the World in Eighty Days, Jules Verne demonstrated how industrialization profoundly impacted travel, technology, and business. In addition, Verne showed how industrialization contributed to the rise of nationalism and European imperialism. Industrialization was an important economic development of the nineteenth century. Industrialization was the process of turning an agricultural society into an industrialized one, based on the manufacturing of goods and services. This meant new technological innovation and economic development. Industrialization was important because it led to new technologies and inventions that vastly improved life, such as the steam engine and the water frame. Industrialization also impacted businesses by stimulating and enabling their expansion into new markets for raw materials, consumers, and investments. Industrialization also impacted Fogg’s journey. Phileas Fogg’s journey was made possible by the growing industrialization of the time. One example of industrialization in the novel was the extensive use of trains. During the nineteenth century, nations all over the world built rail lines. When Phileas Fogg reached India, for example, the change from old forms of transportation to ... ...gh the eyes of their domestics† (24). In this case, Fogg was not concerned with learning the natives’ culture. Like many European governments, he only cared that his country obtained the land, but did not care about the people in it. Ultimately, imperialism had a worldwide impact in the nineteenth century. In Around the World in Eighty Days, Jules Verne demonstrated how industrialization profoundly impacted travel, technology, and business. In addition, Verne showed how industrialization contributed to the rise of nationalism and European imperialism. Verne’s novel showed how industrialization, nationalism, and imperialism affected individuals. It also demonstrated how these themes interacted and influenced each other. Ultimately, Around the World in Eighty Days exhibited the important movements of the nineteenth century and their significance in history.

Classic Knitwear Case Study Essay

The product is being launched under the brand name of Guardian apparel and it has decided not to include the name Classic Knitwear. Classic knitwear label should be mentioned along with Guardian label in the product. As the all the cost of advertising/marketing is being borne by Classic Knitwear, it should probably create a line extension to avoid confusion with its other  non-fashion knitwear segment offerings. The number of SKUs include 4 designs in 4 different colours. The number of SKUs can be reduced by using only the 3 most popular colours in 2 most popular styles. This way the SKUs can be reduced to 6 units and this will ensure that the company can concentrate on the colours and styles most in demand rather than spread its resources thin by launching many SKUs. The market research is not extensive, only 1000 respondents were sent requests. This should not be relied upon entirely for making such important decisions. More respondents should be interviewed before coming to a conclusion. Initial distribution is planned through major sporting goods and apparel chains which would support the establishment of the brand in the introductory phase. However, the sale at discount stores and sports & retail outlets simultaneously is inappropriate- the prices must not differ extensively across all outlets. This agreement forced Classic to meet series of steadily rising annual net sales targets for the first four years and target for 4th year must be met in each subsequent year. If it failed to meet the requirements then the license would be cancelled and void. Only the Guardian logo is being used on the product. It may be a headache for Classic if there is any conflict between companies over their agreement in the future. With this agreement a short term benefit can be realised as the determined marketing investment has been reduced to $3 million from initial expectation of $8-10 million. As the brand value of Guardian will increase by its promotion they should also bear some part of marketing expense. Moreover, the clause about termination of agreement should be removed/relaxed as it may lead to an investment loss on part of Classic. Conclusion: The Company is able to cater to the demand of insect repellent clothes which is much higher than the break even sales required for company. So, the company can earn profit margins which are much higher than the current levels. Also, company can break into the Niche and the Retail market through this project. Financial Viability and the other recommendations mentioned  above, make it attractive for the company to go ahead with Guardian Project.

Animal Rights: Pros and Cons of Animal Experiments

Animal rightsPros and cons of animal experiments Personaly I don't think that there are many pros about this subject, but I've written down a few. Pros: There are vaccines for most of the diseases. Like the ones you'll recive when you're an infant, wich are very important. If you have a deadly disease, like cancer for example, you can prolong your life for years, if you discover it early enough. Thanks to the science and research with animals. In some cases you can also help sick animals by doing tests on them.In my opinion there are more cons. To some lenght I do agree with animalactivists when they say that †we† kill the animals for no reason what so ever, but at the same time I don't think they realize that it's thanks to this that many of them are alive today. This is what I think. Cons: They do many unneccessary tests over and over even though it already exists workable vaccines. Then they simply make the animals suffer. Why do certain when they know that animals rea ct diffrently from humans?Some doctors only does the tests to rise in their position, to get better paid. They would go so far as giving the monkeys a cigarette, to get cancer, just so they can do tests on it! Some of the medicins isn't even legas or at least not recognized by WHO. So they have done som painful and cruel tests on the animals for their own gain. Cosmetics that are tested on animals doesn't have to be done. They're not the ones who will use it in the end anyway, test it on us humans instead! Or is the makeup ingredients so dangerous that you get permenantly damaged?

Free Essays on Capacitance

Introduction: Capacitance is the amount of charge that a capacitor can store per unit of voltage across its plates or simply, the ability of a capacitor to store electrical charge. The basic formula used to find capacitance is charge (Q) divided by voltage (V). The unit for capacitance is the farad (f). The first step of the experiment deals with capacitance in DC (direct current) circuits. The circuit must be wired with a 100kÙ resistor in series with a 10Ã ¬f capacitor. A switch with the characteristics of push-button normally open is then inserted into the circuit. An ammeter will be placed in series into the circuit along with a voltmeter placed across the capacitor. The DC power supply will generate 5 volts of electricity. Next, capacitance will be tested using an AC (alternating current) circuit. The circuit used to test this will include a 22Ã ¬f capacitor and a miniature lamp. Twelve volts of electricity will be generated with the DC power supply initially. The power supply will be replaced with an AC unit after observations are made regarding the behavior of the lamp under DC conditions. Next, the RC time constants will be determined. The time constant of a series RC circuit is a time interval that equals the product of the resistance and the capacitance. A circuit is assembled with a 470kÙ resistor in series a parallel combination of a switch and a 2.2Ã ¬f capacitor. A voltmeter will be placed across this resistor and the power supply generates 15 volts of electricity. The capacitor will then be charged and discharged to determine the RC time constant. Conclusion: The current peaks initially when voltage is applied to the DC circuit. This is because a capacitor acts as a short the instant that current begins to flow. The voltage at this point is zero but increases as the capacitor charges. As soon as the capacitor is fully charged, the current has decreased to zero and the voltage is equal to the ... Free Essays on Capacitance Free Essays on Capacitance Introduction: Capacitance is the amount of charge that a capacitor can store per unit of voltage across its plates or simply, the ability of a capacitor to store electrical charge. The basic formula used to find capacitance is charge (Q) divided by voltage (V). The unit for capacitance is the farad (f). The first step of the experiment deals with capacitance in DC (direct current) circuits. The circuit must be wired with a 100kÙ resistor in series with a 10Ã ¬f capacitor. A switch with the characteristics of push-button normally open is then inserted into the circuit. An ammeter will be placed in series into the circuit along with a voltmeter placed across the capacitor. The DC power supply will generate 5 volts of electricity. Next, capacitance will be tested using an AC (alternating current) circuit. The circuit used to test this will include a 22Ã ¬f capacitor and a miniature lamp. Twelve volts of electricity will be generated with the DC power supply initially. The power supply will be replaced with an AC unit after observations are made regarding the behavior of the lamp under DC conditions. Next, the RC time constants will be determined. The time constant of a series RC circuit is a time interval that equals the product of the resistance and the capacitance. A circuit is assembled with a 470kÙ resistor in series a parallel combination of a switch and a 2.2Ã ¬f capacitor. A voltmeter will be placed across this resistor and the power supply generates 15 volts of electricity. The capacitor will then be charged and discharged to determine the RC time constant. Conclusion: The current peaks initially when voltage is applied to the DC circuit. This is because a capacitor acts as a short the instant that current begins to flow. The voltage at this point is zero but increases as the capacitor charges. As soon as the capacitor is fully charged, the current has decreased to zero and the voltage is equal to the ...

Telecommunications and wireless technology Assignment

Telecommunications and wireless technology - Assignment Example The scope of technology and communication is not limited to any particular field or scope, rather it has helped making different sectors more easy to work with. Information system is an entire concept which is based on the implementation and installing of the information system in the organizations and networks for the benefit of fast working and easy execution of tasks. Literature Review: The journey of modern communication can be stretched back to the days when the communication means were slowly being transformed from wired communication to wireless ones. The wireless concept was a totally new idea which provided the people with more options in terms of the remote facility, usage of the mobile phones on the go, better services, and many more functionalities that were simply not provided by the wired telephone networks. This wireless technology came in form of 1st generation technologies formally known as the 1.G. these standards were specified by a centralized body known as the In ternational telecommunication Union (I.T.U), which looks into the matters of communication and networks and aims for further advancements and developments. I .T.U is a centralized body that looks into various aspects of the overall communication technologies promoting safer communications, specifying rules and regulations, dedicating channels and frequencies, providing platforms for further research, collaborating with other mega partners towards improvements of the communication technologies and also ensuring that the communication technologies are incorporated into other fields for the purpose of welfare of mankind and society. The first generation technology was formally known as the AMPS technology(Arokiamary 2009) which is acronym for Advanced Mobile Phone Services, these services were characteristic of being analogue in nature, facilitating limited number of customers across a dedicated channel, and with limited or no secure mechanism for protecting the privacy and data of the customers. Another characteristic of this concept was its limitation to mere voice traffic and being void of the data communications. To bring about advancements in the concept of wireless means of communication, a step forward was taken in form of migration towards second generation technologies which were formally known as the 2.G, which again was being parented by the I.T.U. The 2nd Generation technologies were meant for overcoming all the short comings that were there in the 1st generation technologies in form of the limited capacity, limited channel and customer entertaining, less secure means of operations. All this was overcome by transferring the overall concept to digital transmission and relying on the digital signal in contrast to the analogue signals which were largely in practice in the predecessor technological servicing entity. Few of the features of the second generation technologies included digital transmission, higher frequency bands, more secure algorithms adopt ion for the purpose of improved functioning and secure services, along with the using of channels and coding techniques that made the overall process of communication easy not just for the subscribers but the service providers as well. Some of the major concepts and entities of the second generation technologies include the usage of G.S.M (Global Systems for Mobile Communications), G.P.R.S (General

How do international financial institutions manage the change needed Essay

How do international financial institutions manage the change needed after the 2008 financial crisis - Essay Example The main aim of regulation is making the reporting system transparent so that the market participants can have a better idea about the risk that they are undertaking. The above mentioned financial crisis was mainly attributed to insufficient regulation therefore a change in the regulatory framework is needed to avoid this in the future. An important official of the IMF has attributed regulatory failure to guard against excessive risk as the reason of the 2008 financial crisis. However excessive regulation is also one of the reasons that contribute to the financial crisis. As per the Basel II norms the banks have to increase their capital whenever there is an increase in the risk. This adds to the crisis, as the banks reduce their lending for meeting the capital requirements. When the Fed announced the hike in the interest rates the installments were re-set which resulted in widespread delinquencies. Faced by the rising foreclosures the banks had to sell off their assets for maintaini ng the capital requirements. This led to a steep fall in the housing prices. For preventing this crisis in the future various international bodies like IMF demanded strict disclosure and regulatory norms. This procedure requires changing the existing accounting standards and making the disclosure of off-balance sheet risk more effective. The international financial institutions have to play a major role in managing this change. Initially the changes of regulations and disclosures may not be acceptable. Here the international bodies have to play the key role in explaining the significance of the change. This will help in removing the restraining forces and will facilitate in reaching the equilibrium stage. When a change is implemented there are two contrary forces that act simultaneously- driving forces that support and restraining forces that oppose a change. To make the change successful it is important to explain its significance to the people in